1. Photosynthesis

2.  Photosynthesis  Photo – light  Synthesis – making or putting together  Process that converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy (stored in chemical bonds of sugar) and oxygen  Energy for all life on Earth ultimately comes from photosynthesis.

3. 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O + light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O Photosynthesis occurs in land plants, algae, phytoplankton cyanobacteria

4. Photosynthesis reactants  CO 2 for photosynthesis is produced by cellular respiration reactions in the mitochondria of all living organisms  H 2 O for photosynthesis is found in water (for aquatic plants) and in the atmosphere (for land plants)

5. Light energy  Sun is the primary source of light energy for photosynthesis  Fusion reactions in the sun produce photons that are transferred by radiation to Earth

6. Chloroplasts  Organelles in algae, phytoplankton, and plant cells where photosynthesis takes place  Complex internal structures

7. Chlorophyll  Green pigment found in chloroplasts  At least 3 different forms: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll c.  Other pigments help in a small way in photosynthesis – not green (yellow, red, orange)

8. Photosynthesis produces oxygen

9. Photosynthesis produces glucose  Glucose is a simple sugar  Plants convert glucose to other sugars or starches for storage  Plants and animals use glucose in cellular respiration to get energy for cell functions

10. Electromagnetic Waves  Light is an electromagnetic wave  A transverse wave that does not require a medium, therefore it can travel through space  Light can travel through certain media  Visible light is part of a range of electromagnetic waves known as the electromagnetic spectrum

11. Electromagnetic Spectrum 11

12. 12 Pigments Pigments: molecules that absorb visible light Each pigment has a characteristic absorption spectrum, the range and efficiency of photons it is capable of absorbing.

13. 13

14. 14 Pigments chlorophyll a – primary pigment in plants and cyanobacteria -absorbs violet-blue and red light chlorophyll b – secondary pigment absorbing light wavelengths that chlorophyll a does not absorb

15. Factors influencing the rate of photosynthesis  Carbon dioxide concentration  Water availability  Light intensity  Wavelength of light  Temperature

16. Chromatography  Process used to separate different substances based on the different rates of dissolving.

18. Spinach Chromatography  Different pigments dissolve at different rates  Carotene is at the top, dissolves first  Xanthophyll dissolves next  Chlorophyll a  Chlorophyll b is last

19. Phenol Red pH Indicator  A – acid solution  B – basic solution  C – orange – red, slightly acidic (CO 2 present in solution)  D – reddish pink, basic solution Elodea has removed CO 2 from the solution ABCD