1. RESEARCH DESIGNS OVERVIEW

2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

3. When the Research Question Deals “with what happens if”

4. Experimental Designs-random assignment pretest data cannot be collected postest only design pretest data can be collected pretest-postest design

5. QUASIEXPERIMENTAL DESIGN no random assignment to groups pretest data cannot be collected postest only design pretest data can be collected pretest-postest design

6. Causality TEMPORAL SEQUENCE CONCOMITANT VARIATION ABSENCE OF COMPETING EXPLANATIONS

7. EXPERIMENTATION RANDOMIZATION CONTROL MANIPULATION

8. LOGIC OF A TRUE EXPERIMENT When one starts a study with two groups who are equal with respect to important variables, administers a treatment to one group (experimental group) and not to the other (control group) holding all other conditions constant, any differences in the dependent variable following treatment probably were the result of that treatment.

9. Experimental Designs O=measurement of dep. variable X=application of indep. variable R=randomization

10. Pretest-postest experiment R O X O R O O

11. Solomon Four group R O XO R OO R XO R O

12. Postest Only RXORORXORO

13. Repeated Measures ROOOO X OOOO ROOOO OOOO

14. FACTORIAL DESIGN experimental if random assignment to cell

15. Advantages of Experiments - test cause and effect -control threats to internal validity

16. Disadvantages of Experiments -assumes all of the relevant variables have been identified -some variables not manipulable -randomization may pose difficulties in field studies -Hawthorne effect may not be avoidable

17. quasiexperimental designs lack either randomization and or a control group. (always have manipulation)

18. Nonequivalent control group OXOOOOXOOOO

19. Postest only-nonequivalent control group X O O

20. Time Series-non equivalent groups OOOOXOOOOOOOO

21. Time series design OOOO X OOOO

22. Crossover design OOX OO XOOOO

23. Advantages of Quasi- Experiments -practical, feasible,generalizable -adaptable to field studies -for some hypotheses they may be the only way to test -may save some experiments that suffer from attrition

24. Disadvantages -less confidence in causality -need a priori controls -must rule out alternative explanations -need more replication

25. EVALUATION RESEARCH

26. objectives: --to discover whether and how well objectives are being fulfilled --to discover the reasons for specific successes and failures --to direct the cours of experiment with techniques for increasing effectiveness --to uncover principles underlying a successful program --to redefine goals and objectives and means of obtaining them

27. Nonexperimental designs

28. DESCRIPTIVE/EXPLORATORY SURVEY collect detailed data on the status quo determine differences between varibles

29. Descriptive/Survey Research CHARACTERISTICS ATTITUDES FACTS OPINIONS BELIEFS BEHAVIORS

30. Descriptive Surveys Use: questionnaires or interviews Large samples Superficial information emphasizes breadth rather than depth. Researcher needs knowledge of techniques. Can be costly.

31. Descriptive Correlational Studies Tests covariance between variables

32. advantages increased flexibility when investigating complex relationships among variables efficient and effective method of collecting a large amount of data about a problem potential for practical application in clinical settings foundation for future experimental research studies explores relationships between variables that are inherently not manipulable

33. Disadvantages: the researcher is unable to manipulate the variables generalizability is decreased (preexisting groups) no causal relationship

34. EX POST FACTO DESIGNS “natural experiment” independent variable not manipulated

35. Types of Ex Post Facto Studies prospective retrospective longitudinal cross-sectional

36. advantages: similar to correlational advantages realistic and natural

37. disadvantages: no causality must rule out alternative explanations finding similar comparison groups difficult

38. Methodological Research Instrument Construction and Testing (psychometrics) Perfecting Research Techniques

39. METAANALYSIS-synthesis of research findings