1. Chapter 25: Imperialism in Africa, Asia, and Pacific

2. Warm Up Chapter 24 1.Who became the leader of Egypt after the failure of the French, Mamluk, and the Ottomon governments? A.Gamal Nassar B.Mohandas Gandhi C.Muhammad Ali Jinnah D.Muhammad Ali 2.The most persistent opponents of the Ottoman reforms were the A.Hereditary elites B.Janissaries C.Peasants and agriculturalists D.Jesuits 3.The significance of the Crimean War was that it A.Marked the transition to modern warfare with the use of breech loading rifles B.Was the first war that utilized battalions of African soldiers in Europe C.Was the most destructive war in history D.Marked a brief return to chivalry 4.When Britain was unable to obtain enough tea to meet its demands and China did not import British goods, the British responded by A.Starting the illicit trade of opium B.Supporting the Bannerman to overthrow C.Instigating the White Lotus Rebellion D.Trying to destroy China’s production of silk 5.The British military advantage in the Opium War was provided by A.Poison gas attacks B.New gunboats C.Machine gun D.Large numbers of troops 6.3 problems with the Ottoman Empire 7.Why does Britain step in between Russia and the Ottomans? 8.Explain the Decembrist Revolts: 9.How does Neo Confucianism shatter in China? 10.2 impacts of the Treaty of Nanjing:

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4.  I. Changes and Exchanges in Africa –A. New African States –Drought causes conflict over farming and grazing lands –Shaka the leader of the Zulu kingdom uses his military to expand his empire in Africa –Surrounding countries created their own states to protect themselves against Shaka and the Zulu kingdom –Muslim groups look to set up independent states

6. –B. Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia –Muhammad Ali’s grandson Ismail continues to westernize Egypt with money from the British and French –Ismail constructs railroads and moves the capital to Cairo –Britain and France set up banks in parts of the country –Ethiopian kings purchase European weapons and make weapons locally

7. Ismail I

8. –C. European penetration –In 1830 France invades Algeria and 18 years later the French defeat Muslim resistance –By 1870 130,000 Europeans have occupied Algerian farmland –David Livingstone arrives in Africa in 1841 and explores it for 30 years –Henry Stanley is sent to find him and opens up the Congo to European colonization –The Congo divided between Belgium and France –The Congo Free State is not ruled by a European country, but is instead claimed by King Leopold II of Belgium

9. Livingstone

10. Stanley

12. Leopold II

13. –King Leopold and the Congo: –Leopold creates a personal fortune by exploiting the Congo –Forces his subjects in the Congo to extract rubber from the rubber trees –Millions die due to overwork, disease, and awful treatment  The conditions were so bad that there was an international outcry –The other European powers made the Belgium gov’t take control over the Congo in 1908

14. –D. Abolition and Legitimate Trade –Africans expanded trade in gold after slave trade diminished –Britain and US prohibit citizens from participating in slave trade –Most successful new export was palm oil –British took and made: soap, candles, and lubricants –Missionaries helped British set up Sierra Leone and helped US set up Liberia –Sierra Leone—British slaves –Liberia—US slaves

18. Flag of Liberia

19. Jehudi Ashmun  Sent by the US to set up the colony of Liberia for the free black slaves

20.  II. India Under British Rule –A. Company Men –British, French, and Dutch establish hired Indian troops (sepoys) to defend the trade posts –B. Raj and Rebellion –British will reign over India and bring reforms –Cultural and political reforms still respecting Indian customs and traditions –British relied on sepoys to control warriors and keep peace

21. Sepoys

22.  Sepoy Rebellion of 1857: –Indian soldiers and peasants revolted against the British rule –The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India. India was thereafter directly governed by the Crown in the new British reign.

26. –C. Political Reform and Industrial Impact –The Indian rebellion was put down in 1858 and the British continued to rule from London –Sepoys could not control population so British set up Indian Civil Service which now controlled population –ICS: –open to all who passed exam but British continued to controlled upper levels of administration –British built irrigation systems, railroads, telegraph lines –People began to move to cities and British set up sewer lines

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28. –D. Rising Indian Nationalism –Indian people came together against the British –Indians realized that rebellion could not gain control of India –Turned to nationalism and unity by reducing ethnic division –1885: the Indians convened their first Indian National Congress

30.  III. Britain’s Eastern Empire –A. Colonies and Commerce –British victory in Napoleonic Wars gives them territory in South Africa, Southeast Asia, and Caribbean –Cape Colony was British supply line to India –B. Imperial Policies and Shipping –Britain is more interested in trade than territories (free trade throughout empire) –Africa, Asia, Pacific became exporters of raw materials (stay incomplete industrialization) –Impact of Iron on the shipping industry: –Iron made ships better and larger, lowering shipping costs

33.  Captain James Cook surveyed New Zealand and Australian coast

34.  At first Australia was used by the British as a dump for convicts  Most criminal offences were punished by death or by a fine and/or whipping. Transportation emerged during the seventeenth century as a humane alternative to the death penalty. Transportation was initially mainly to America, but the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1776 meant that this was no longer a possible destination. Sentences of transportation were still passed, but convicts were held in prison instead. Naturally these soon became overcrowded, and extra accommodation had to be provided in old ships (the 'hulks') moored in coastal waters.  The solution to the crisis was to develop a new penal colony and on 13 May 1787 the First Fleet set sail for Australia, 6 transport ships, together with 2 warships and 3 store-ships, taking 717 convicts of which 48 died en route, arriving in January 1788 at Port Jackson.

35. –C. Colonization of Australia and New Zealand –Australia receives British settlers. –After gold is discovered in 1851 free Europeans begin to settle Australia –British settlers are given power to rule by the British crown –D. New Labor Migrations –Between 1834 to 1870 Britain continued to take slaves for their colonies –With the stop of slaves lead to indentured servants –Workers worked for a # of years in return for passage, small salary, free housing, clothing, and medical care