DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Name: DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
Uploaded: 2017-10-10T00:26:19+00:00
Duration: PTM24S33
Channel: Holly Wood
Description: DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE
American Sea Power War of 1812, American Civil War, & the Development of Navy Theories DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Lesson Objectives Know significant milestones in the early history of the Navy Understand the role the US Navy played in US national strategies and policies during peacetime and war Recognize technological improvements of this period and understand how they change naval strategy DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

War of 1812 Fought between Britain and US Result of gradual escalations Impressment Support for Native Americans Seizure of Merchant ships Chesapeake-Leopard Affair June 1807 Led to an embargo of all exports June 1807 Chesapeake-Leopard Affair: Highlight of detestable British practices. The Chesapeake commanded by Commodore James Barron was ten miles off the Virginia capes when they were hailed by HMS Leopard. The captain of the Leopard sent over a lieutenant bearing a written demand that the Americans submit to a search for deserters from the Royal Navy. The Americans refused. The Leopard opened fire, killed 3 Americans and wounded dozens more. Embargos were hurting the US more than anyone else and were ended in 1809 in response to popular protests. Embargo replaced with Non-Intercourse Act which allowed for trade between with everyone except Britain and France. Trade quickly picked up and so did the raiding. By the end of 1810 the British had seized nearly 1000 ships and the French and their allies nearly 800. DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent British tried to increase position Full blockade of East Coast in 1814 Entered Chesapeake Bay and Potomac Burned White House and Capitol Attempted Raid of Baltimore Could not get past Fort McHenry Reprisal fro burning York (Toronto) What’s signifigant about Fort McHenry? Francis Scott Key, an American civilian held aboard one of the British Ships witnessed the unsuccessful bombardment of the fort and wrote the words to the Star Spagled Banner on the night of September 13-14, 1814. DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

War of 1812 Battle of Lake Champlain British had 12,000 troops ready to invade the US from Canada US had 1,500 troops ready Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough defeated British Turning point in the war, British reevaluated costs DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent Signed Dec 24, 1814 Did not address impressment or neutral rights Cease fire Battle of New Orleans Fought after the Treaty of Ghent was signed Major General Andrew Jackson defeated British amphibious landing DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

The Civil War: Causes: Southern secessionist movement Slavery States’ rights Events leading up to the civil war can be rooted in the founding of the country (though most of the founders were slaveholders, Decl. Of Indep. and Constitution inherently against slavery) Involved political, legal, and economic discussions requiring several classes alone Tension between the North and South since day one For the South, the election of Abraham Lincoln was too much to bare Lincoln was against extending slavery into NEW states, in opposition to Southern goals, making war practically inevitable DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

The Civil War: Outbreak: January 1861 Southern attack on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina Fort Sumter was occupied by U.S. Army soldiers Merchant ship, “Star of West”, was shot at by Confederate troops in trying to re-supply the Union troops. These were the first shots of the Civil War. Several weeks of truce followed, then the Confederate forces conducted their planned bombardment of the fort. War, now, could not be averted. The remaining southern southern states also seceded. DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

The 1860’s Civil War involved mainly land campaigns Fighting occurred throughout the South, but the largest battles occurred in Virginia Battle of Fredricksburg (Confederate victory), good example of the carnage of the Civil War DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

North – South Comparison
Population Exports Shipyards Industry Transportation (railroads) Military Leaders Advantage North South South was defending its home territory and way of life, had great military leaders (Lee, Jackson) Note: the vast majority of Southerners were not slaveholders and, it could be argued, were fighting for their “states’ rights” DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

The Civil War: Northern Naval Strategy “Anaconda” plan, Navy’s role: Blockade Southern ports Provide supporting gunfire for the army Transport troops and equipment along coast and rivers Use amphibious assaults to seize important ports Anaconda plan: Like a giant anaconda, the joint force would gradually tighten it’s coils until all trade and commercial life in the South was extinguished The Unites States learned from the “War of 1812” the important of naval superiority DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Anaconda Plan DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

The Civil War: Southern Naval strategy Commerce raiding Blockade running Technological innovations Unlike the North, who needed to defeat southern forces to “win the war”, the South could fight a war of attrition, hoping that the Union would become weary of war with enough time and losses. The Southern Navy was insignificant compared to the North. Though they could not defeat the Union Navy in battle, their goal was to cause havoc with merchant shipping and acquire necessary supplies by covertly running through the Union blockade The Northern and Southern strategies were similar to those used in the Revolutionary War and the War of The North adopted the methods used by the British and South the tactics used by the U.S. However, one crucial difference remained: the Union Navy was not as powerful as the British. They could either blockade the South or defend its commerce, not both. The South developed a number of innovations to overcome Northern numerical superiority such as ironclads, mines, and submersibles. DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

The Civil War: Overview Land campaigns in northern Virginia Campaigns to shrink Confederate logistic base Blockade of Southern Ports War in the West North’s taking the Mississippi River split the South Southern commerce raiding and blockade running Union and Confederate capitals were so close to each other (about 100 miles apart) that the largest part of the armies, for both north and south, were placed there. The battles fought in this area were mainly holding battles during the war, while more decisive battles were fought out west. Though numerically superior, northern forces could not defeat the Confederate armies, lead by Robert E. Lee and his generals, in northern Virginia. Union Navy captured Port Royal in South Carolina, setting up a Union base. This proved instrumental in establishing the Atlantic blockade, preventing supplies from Europe from getting to the South Union victories along the Mississippi river cut the heart of the Confederacy from the resources of the Western Confederate states and Mexico. Union victories, including the Battles of Shiloh, Vicksburg, and New Orleans (Admiral Farragut: “Damn the…”) worked toward successfully enacting the Anaconda Plan, allowing them to close-in from the west. This plan was finalized by Sherman’s historic (brutal) march to the sea. Southern commerce raiding Damaged the merchant marine more than any military campaign CSS Alabama; 68 vessels captured prior to being sunk by U.S.S. Kearsarge Blockade running may have done more bad than good: drained away trained seamen and monetary resources and concentrated too much on luxury goods One gold dollar was worth $2000 in Confederate currency Privateering became illegal in Britain and France and illegal, making it less profitable for the South. DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Battle of the Ironclads
CSS Virginia was the first ironclad, originally a sailboat; before being converted from the waterline, up Enjoyed success against wooden ships until ironclad USS Monitor arrived and they reached an effective stalemate DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Control of the Mississippi
South created ironclad technology but w/o an industrial base, could not continue to build them Ironclads were used extensively by the Union, especially on the Miss., by the North DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Admiral Farragut First US Navy Admiral Joined the Navy at the age of 13 Damn the torpedoes full speed ahead Battle of Mobile Bay Commanding the Union forces was Admiral David Farragut, while Admiral Franklin Buchanan commanded the Confederate fleet. The battle took place off the coast of Alabama, at the mouth of Mobile Bay, which was defended by two Confederate forts, Fort Morgan and Fort Gaines, and by a torpedo field (in modern terms, naval mines) that created a single narrow channel for blockade runners to enter and exit the Bay. The biggest challenge for Farragut was entering the bay. With eighteen vessels, he commanded far greater firepower than the Confederate fleet of four. The Union fleet suffered the first major loss when the USS Tecumseh was critically damaged by an exploding torpedo after it wandered into the field. Within three minutes, the vessel was completely submerged. 94 men went down with the ship. Under fire from both the Confederate fleet and Fort Morgan, Farragut had to choose between retreating or risking the minefield. According to some accounts, he then issued his famous order, "Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead!"[1] Farragut took his flagship through the minefield safely, followed by the rest of the fleet. When Union fleet reached the bay, they defeated the Confederate flotilla led by the giant ironclad CSS Tennessee. Buchanan surrendered to Farragut aboard the USS Hartford. Over the next three weeks, a combined operation by the Navy and one Army division captured the forts defending the bay. Although the city of Mobile remained in Confederate hands, the last blockade-running port on the Gulf Coast east of the Mississippi was shut down. DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Steam and Sail This picture shows the two ages ovelapping “Age of Sail and Cannon” and the “Age of Steam” DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

CSS Virginia Sail ships crushed by the new ironclads DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

C.S.S. Alabama Confederacy’s most successful commerce raider: captured 68 Union ships in 18 months Finally caught off the coast of Southern France and destroyed by a Union warship See that it is a combo steam/sail DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

The Civil War: End of the War General Lee’s surrender on April 9, 1865 Anaconda plan worked. General Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia were surrounded by Grant and Sherman’s forces. Lee surrendered at Appomattox court house. Horrendous casualties: anywhere from 600,000 to 1 million casualties (more than all other US wars combined) -most died from disease, infected injuries due to poor medical facilities/knowledge, supplies and lack of anti-biotics DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

The Civil War: Technological developments Ironclads: USS Monitor v. the CSS Virginia Mines Submarine: CSS Hunley DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Submarine: CSS Hunley 8 men turning a crankshaft Designed to carry a contact mine on a long pole, or drag a surface mine behind it It was the first submarine to sink a warship, however it lost its crew on the first two failed attempts. Succeed in sink a ship on its third attempt but the sub and crew were lost on the third attempt Recently recovered from Charleston Harbor DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

The Civil War: Impact on the Merchant Marine Commerce raiding devastated merchant marine American shipping insurance and cost of carry cargo rose drastically American crew costs increased well beyond the crews of European Empires Most ships shifted to neutral (British) flags Numerous ships pressed into the Union Navy Most American shipping forced merchant marine to seek protection under neutral flag, Many transferred to British flag Those that didn’t lost money severely, insurance rates skyrocketed In addition, technological advances were slow. Still were using obsolete wooden sailing vessels while Europeans using steam propulsion and iron hulls Before the war: 66% of US shipping engages in foreign trade on US flagged vessels, After the war <10% DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Post Civil War Nation looked inward: Rebuilding the south Settlement of the West Navy substantially reduced 1865: 700 ships, 1870: 52 ships Steel shifted from shipbuilding to railroad building DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

“Father of Naval Theory”
Alfred Thayer Mahan DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Naval Theory: Alfred Thayer Mahan
Mahan originally thought America only needed to adhere to the Naval Doctrine of the time, coastal defense and commerce raiding. Believed that the US should avoid gathering overseas territories in order to prevent the need for a large navy. After assuming the duties as president of the Naval War College, his views changed He soon realized that this old world, isolationist view was completely opposite to national success What is the War College? Naval School for senior officers DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Mahan's lecture notes become basis for his book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, published in 1890. The book brought Mahan fame in his lifetime and ever since. Provided a powerful argument for achieving and preserving sea power during times of peace as well as war. Appealed to industrialists, merchants interested in overseas trade, investors, nationalists, and imperialists. A strong navy leads to a strong country in war and in peace He believed that this strategy is unchanging while the tactics to achieve this change in response to technology DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Elements of Sea Power Geographic position Extent of territory Number of population Character of the people Character of the government Studying recent history Mahan found a number of characteristics shared by powerful empires, centered around the need for seapower Britain the superpower of the day was a perfect example of a nation with all of the necessary elements: -positioned for sea trade during peace and sea denial during conflict -large enough territory w/plenty of good harbors, navigable water, and population -a tradition of maritime commerce and a seagoing history -a government that was not isolationist and that supported a strong Navy DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Requirements for a first-class Navy: Battle fleets: What type of ships? Battleships Colonies for coaling stations for a steam-driven battleship Navy. Examples: Hawaii, Guam, Midway An isthmus passage to allow massing of the “two-ocean” navy: Panama Canal Need more seapower --- required maritime economic strength and a First class Navy Battleships project power as opposed to coastal defense, commerce raiding, blockade running Option to fight on two fronts or easily concentrate forces (Panama Canal) DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Essence of Mahan: A great navy is a mark and prerequisite of national greatness A great navy is one designed to fight an enemy in fleet engagements or guerre d’escadre in order to win command of the sea, not one designed for commerce raiding or guerre de course. DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Naval Revival Impact of Mahan: Britain: Imperialism “Two Power Standard” Mahan a Hero & honored with degrees Germany: Provided impetus for naval buildup Colonialism Copy of book in every wardroom Mahan’s ideas were not always the causes for Naval Revival around the world, but often reinforced what several nations were coming to realize Germany was the 2nd largest Navy in the 19th century DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Naval Revival Impact of Mahan: Japan Widely studied Russo-Japanese War confirmed theories United States Teddy Roosevelt Asst Sec of Navy Battleship Navy Built Foreign Policy Developments Rallied public support for modernizing the Navy US Navy adopted a capital ship philosophy and adopted sea control as its mission DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Critique of Mahan By the time he published his ideas, they were known internationally He discounted the effect of commerce raiding proved very effective Technological changes (airplanes, subs, mines) enabled power projection over sea forces with few, if any, capital ships DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Technological Developments Summary
Early/Mid 1800s Exploding shells Elongated shells Rifling Breech loading and turrets Armor cladding Steam engines Mid/Late 1800s Screw propulsion Improved armor Torpedoes (Mines) Improved gunpowder Early Submersibles DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Late 19th, Early 20th Century
Naval Developments: Torpedo Boats Small, light & fast Significant threat to large warship Led to light quick firing guns Led to Torpedo Boat Destroyers to act as shield for capital ships which came to be known as simply Destroyers Hit and run techniques DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Destroyers Slightly larger & faster than torpedo boats Had quick firing guns & torpedoes Cruisers Larger still Also carried large guns to protect against destroyers Used also for scouting and commerce raiding DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Torpedo Boat DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Torpedo Boat Destroyer ….Destroyer
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Anti-destroyer Cruiser ….Cruiser
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

Questions???? DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SCIENCE

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