1. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 1 Integrating Post-programmability Into the High-level Synthesis Equation* Scott Mahlke Advanced Computer Architecture Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI USA * This is work done by Kevin Fan and Manjunath Kudlur at UM

2. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 2 Application Engines Differentiate Consumer SoCs Slide Courtesy of Synfora

3. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 3 The HLS Equation Area Power Performance  What about programmability?  How to deal with application changes?  Time to market

4. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 4 Substrate Determines Programmability MAC Unit Addr Gen  P Prog Mem Embedded Processor (lpArm) Direct Mapped Hardware Embedded FPGA DSP (e.g. TI 320CXX ) Flexibility Area or Power Reconfigurable Processors (Maia) Factor of 100-1000 100-1000 MOPS/mW 10-100 MOPS/mW.5-5 MOPS/mW

5. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5 for(k=0; k<N4; k++) {... real = Z1[k][0]; img = Z1[k][1]; Z1[k][0] = real * sincos[k][0] - img*sincos[k][1]; Z1[k][0] = Z1[k][0] << 1; if(b_scale) { Z1[k][0] = Z1[k][0] * scale; } Version 1.40 for(k=0; k<N4; k++) {... uint16_t n = k << 1; ComplexMult(...); X_out[ n] = -RE(x); X_out[N2 - 1 - n] = IM(x); X_out[N2 + n] = -IM(x); X_out[N - 1 - n] = RE(x); } Version 1.34 for(k=0; k<N4; k++) {... uint16_t n = k << 1; ComplexMult(...); X_out[ n] = RE(x); X_out[N2 - 1 - n] = -IM(x); X_out[N2 + n] = IM(x); X_out[N - 1 - n] = -RE(x); } Version 1.33 Bug fix in faad2 How Much Programmability? for(k=0; k<N4; k++) {... real = Z1[k][0]; img = Z1[k][1]; Z1[k][0] = real * sincos[k][0] - img*sincos[k][1]; Z1[k][0] = Z1[k][0] << 1; } Version 1.39 New feature in faad2 Just Enough!

6. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6 StreamRoller Approach Frame Type? Loop 2Loop 3 Loop 1 Loop 4 Application … Block 5 Loop Accelerator Template Architecture Point-to-point Connections + …… & …… MEM …… Local Mem FSM Control signals CRF BR

7. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 7 LA Programmability Shortcomings Point-to-point Connections + …… & …… MEM …… Local Mem FSM Control signals CRF BR 1. Point-to-point interconnect: Only dataflow in the original application is supported 2. Fixed functionality: Only operators in the original application are supported 3. Hardwired control and unaddressable register storage

8. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 8 Programmable Loop Accelerator Point-to-point Connections +/- …… &/| …… MEM …… Local Mem Control Memory Control signals CRF BR RR Literals Bus 1. Low-cost functionality generalization 2. Addressable rotating registers 3. Low bandwidth full connectivity path 4. Enable input swapping 5. Programmable literals 6. Memory for decoded control

9. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 9 Mapping New Loops onto a PLA Move Insertion SMT Scheduling Register Allocation Loop Control Signals Machine description Increment II Large search space, few solutions Op-centric approaches unable to find solutions Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) formulation to solve linear and SAT constraints simultaneously

10. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10 Area Comparison – 130nm Library LA = single function accelerator, PLA = programmable accelerator, OR1K = OR-1200 processor

11. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11 Power Comparison 1.0 = power for single function LA, OR1K-equiv = performance equivalent processor

12. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12 Efficiency Comparison 20 MIPS/mW 2 MIPS/mW 200 MIPS/mW

13. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13 Programmability Assessment Number of algorithm perturbations tolerated while maintaining the same performance

14. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14 Final Thoughts Programmability not an all or nothing issue –Application accelerators need to be able to evolve –HLS + targeted design generalizations yield a highly customized, but semi-programmable ASIC Bottom line tradeoffs –PLA vs OR-1200: 4 - 34x more power efficient, 30x smaller –PLA vs ASIC: 2 - 9x worse power, 2x larger Cost breakdown –Addressable register storage and generalized FUs most costly –Interconnect extensions less costly

15. University of Michigan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15 For More Information http://cccp.eecs.umich.edu “Modulo Scheduling for Highly Customized Datapaths to Increase Hardware Reusability,” K. Fan, H. Park, M. Kudlur, and S. Mahlke, Proc. 2008 International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization, Apr. 2008, pp. 124-133. “Orchestrating the Execution of Stream Programs on Multicore Platforms,” M. Kudlur and S. Mahlke, Proc. ACM SIGPLAN 2008 Conference on Programming Languages Design and Implementation, Jun. 2008.