1. OLD IMMIGRATION—Western Europe prior to 1890
Through the Golden Door: NEW IMMIGRATION (Eastern European, Asian, and Mexican)
When? 1890S
How did they get here? STEAMSHIP (Atlantic 1 week v. Pacific 3 weeks)
Origins
Eastern Europe
Japanese and Chinese
West Indies and Mexico
WHY??
Religious persecution and Lack of land
Independence
Wanted to see fortune in gold and Jobs
Lack of jobs and political turmoil
Where
East Coast (mostly Ellis Island)
West Coast (mostly Angel Island)
South and West

2. ARRIVAL: Ellis Island, NYC Harbor: Immigration Processing Center
New arrivals were taken by ferry to the main building at Ellis Island. Opened in 1892, the first immigrant to arrive was a 15-year-old girl from Ireland named Annie Moore to join her parents in New York City.

3. Baggage
Immigrants entered the main building through its ground floor baggage room. They left their trunks, suitcases and baskets here until they were finished. Immigrants with only a few belongings carried their things as they climbed the stairs to the Great Hall for medical and legal examinations.

4. 6 Second Medical Exam
The first test the immigrants had to pass became known as the "six second medical exam." As the immigrants climbed the stairs to the Great Hall, doctors stood at the top and watched. They were looking for anyone having difficulty coming up the steps. If a medical problem or disability was suspected, one of seventeen different chalk marks was put on the person's clothing. They were then sent for a full physical examination. If they weren't marked, they went on to wait in the Great Hall.

5. Medical Exam
By 1917, complete medical exams were required for every immigrant. The main purpose of these exams was to find persons with contagious diseases or conditions that would make them unable to work. If their problem was curable, immigrants were sent to the island's hospital. If it was not, the steamship company that brought them would have to pay to send them back.

6. The Great Hall
The Great Hall was the large waiting room of Ellis Island. Immigrants waited here for their interviews with legal inspectors after finishing their medical exams. At best, the entire process through Ellis Island took three to five hours. But sometimes problems came up, like family members waiting for a relative to be treated in the hospital ward. Some families stayed for days on Ellis Island, others for weeks, and still others for months.

7. Legal Inspection
After passing the medical exams, immigrants had to prove they could legally come into America. They had to prove their country of origin and where they expected to live and work once they entered the country. Inspectors rejected any immigrant with a criminal record or those suspected of being indentured servants. By 1921, immigrants had to pass a literacy test and show a passport and visa

8. Money Exchange
In the money exchange area immigrants exchanged the money of their homeland for dollars, and purchased any train tickets they needed. Laws passed in 1909 required each immigrant to have at least 20 dollars before they were allowed to enter America.

9. Exit: at the Kissing Post
Just beyond the money exchange was the exit from Ellis Island. Staff members referred to this spot as the kissing post because of all the emotional reunions that were witnessed there. Two thirds of the new Americans then boarded a ferry to New Jersey, where the next leg of their American journey would begin. The remaining third took the ferryboat to Manhattan to begin their new life in New York City, only one mile away.

10. Immigrants Arrive Angel Island, San Francisco harbor: harsh conditions
Ellis Island, New York city harbor
Culture Shock: faced with finding a job, finding a place to live, language and cultural barriers.
In result ethnic neighborhoods develop and even today still exist in most major cities. Chinatown, Little Italy, etc.
Melting Pot: idea that refers to a blending of cultures
Natvisim (began with Know-Nothings): Americans feel threatened by immigrants and favor native born citizens. Results in the Chinese Exclusion Act which bans immigration of Chinese into the United States.
Americanization (assimilation): idea of adopting the American life style and culture
Cultural Pluralism —adopting the American culture while maintaining unique ethnic identity.

11. Challenges Strange new place Separation of families Find Housing
Find Employment
Language barriers
Completely new life

12. Urban Growth Urbanization: growth of cities
1/12 in 1840  1/3 in 1900 due to immigrant settlement
Results: decline in farming, closing of the frontier, industrialization, and new cultural opportunities
Unlimited workforce
Cultural opportunities

13. Urban Problems
Poor housing: cramped conditions, poor sanitiation, overcrowded, people lived in row houses or tenements
Transportation: how to deal with large number of people  mass transit begins to develop
Influx of people + lack of police = increased crime
Few city services like water, electricity, fire departments, sewer…

14. Water How do cities provide drinking water?
Public works must be built to meet demand
Few have indoor plumbing, instead they have to take pails out to the street to get water
Access to safe drinking water is limited

15. Sanitation As cities grow, so does the challenge of keeping them clean
Horse manure, garbage, and sewage flow in open gutters in the street
Disease is prevalent
Tenements and the such were likewise very unsanitary—poor lighting, very dirty, limited ventilation...etc.

16. Danger
Crime: pickpockets and thieves flourish, police departments are too small to have any real impact
Fire: limited water = spread of fire easily
Most cities were packed with wood dwellings
Use of kerosene = fire hazard
First paid fire department didn’t develop until 1853 in Ohio
Eventually buildings will be replaced with brick, stone, steel, and concrete

17. GREAT FIRES
Chicago fire of 1871: burned for over 24 hours, 300 people died, 100,000 were left homeless, and 3 square miles of the city is destroyed

18. GREAT FIRES
San Francisco Earthquake: lasted for 28 seconds, fire resulted which burned for 4 days, 1,000 die, 200,000 are left homeless, 5 miles of city is destroyed

19. Urban Problems = Reform
Social Gospel movement: preached salvation through service to the poor = organizations like Salvation Army
Reformer: Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives” book about poor living conditions in the slums

23. “How the Other Half Lives”
Long ago it was said "one half of the world does not know how the other half lives." That was true then. It did not know because it did not care. The half that was on top cared little for the struggles, and less for the fate of those who were underneath, so long as it was able to hold them there and keep its own seat.
Life in the tenements in July and August spells death to an army of little ones whom the doctor's skill is powerless to save

24. Settlement Houses emerge: community centers in slum neighborhoods ran mostly by middle class white women providing educational assistance and other services. Movement founded by Jane Addams—1st settlement house is Hull House in Chicago

25. Activity Complete matching vocabulary activity
Write a letter to a family member:
1. telling them of your experience coming to America (where from (Europe) and why did you come, how did you get here, etc.) 2-3 sentences
2. briefly describe the process you underwent at Ellis Island 2-3 sentences
3. detail the challenges you faced once you were admitted to the United States and what life was like in the city. 5-6 sentences

26. Activity Complete matching vocabulary activity
Write a letter to a family member:
1. telling them of your experience coming to America (where from (Europe) and why did you come, how did you get here, etc.) 2-3 sentences
2. briefly describe the process you underwent at Ellis Island 2-3 sentences
3. detail the challenges you faced once you were admitted to the United States and what life was like in the city. 5-6 sentences