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Chapter 7: Immigration and Urbanization (1890-1910)
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I. Europeans Flood into US
A. Jobs 1. No class system B. Avoid military service C. Few immigration restrictions D. Religious Persecution 1. Jews E. Atlantic Voyage 1. Basic/cheap
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F. Ethnic Cities 1. neighborhoods
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G. Ellis Island (NYC) 1. medical inspections
2. 17 million total went through 3. Relatively easy/quick – 5 hrs BACK
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II. Asian Immigration to America
A. Rebellion; overcrowding B. Jobs: RR/Gold C. Japanese upheaval Angel Island, San Francisco
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D. Angel Island, San Fran 1. Lot fewer immigrants 2. Harsh questioning
3. long wait for admittance
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III. Old vs. New Immigrants
Pre-1890 immigrants Generally well-educated Came with enough money to survive Had assimilated, sometimes with multiple generations of “Americans” Generally from Germany, Britain, Scandanavian countries Newbies seemed alien, brought bad impressions Post-1890 Uneducated laborers Nothing but clothes on their back Desperate for work Came from Ireland, eastern Europe (Italy, Russian-descendant countries) and Asia Held on to cultural past
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IV. Resurgence of Nativism
A. Favoritism toward native-born Americans B. “Right” immigrants OK 1. Brit, German, N. Europe B. Extreme Dislike 1. anti-Jew/Catholic A. Would take over gov’t 2. Russian/Asian/Latin A. Union opposed B. Steal jobs
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B. Impact 1. Immigration laws
a. ban convicts, poor & mentally disabled 2. Chinese Exclusion Act: B. Repealed In 1943 3. Gentleman’s Agreement with Japan
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SECTION 1 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
What were 3 push factors for immigration? What were 3 pull factors for immigration? How were the experiences of European immigrants were better than those of Asians? Don’t just talk about Ellis and Angel island. Describe in 1 paragraph. EXPLAIN the reasons for nativist feelings.
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Urbanization Growth of Cities
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I. Americans migrate to the cities
A. 30 million by 1900 cities in 1840; 1,700 by 1900 2. Factory jobs 3. Rural to cities A. jobs B. excitement 4. immigrants
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II. The New Urban Environment
A. Skyscrapers 1. Reasons:
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Home Insurance Building, Chicago.
10 stories high. World’s first skyscraper (1885)
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B. Mass Transit 1. off-road a. Elevated b. subway
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III. Separation of Society
A. High 1. Fashionable Districts B. Middle-class 1. “Streetcar suburbs” 2. Salary 2X average factory worker C. The Working Class 1. tenements 2. Working children
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Close activity 1. Explain three reasons why people started to move to the cities in the late 1800s. 2. Why did people start building skyscrapers? 3. For what reason did mass transit system have to exist?
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IV. Urban Problems A. Threats 1. Alcohol 2. Disease 3. Crime/violence
4. Fire 5. Pollution
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V. Urban Reformers Social Gospel Movement Settlement Houses Hull House
Help immigrants especially Workers: middle class, college-ed women Hull House Jane Addams Chicago
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Section 3: Urban Politics
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I. Political Machine and Party Boss
A. Purpose 1. Gain/keep power 2. Pyramid of Power 3. Help out the poor B. Party Boss 1. Usually not “politician” 2. More behind-the-scenes 3. More powerful than any politician
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C. Urban immigration D. Graft & Fraud 1. took care of needs
2. votes in exchange D. Graft & Fraud 1. graft: Using political influence for personal gain A. example: kickbacks 2. Fraud: fixing elections fake names, dead pple
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II. Tammany Hall Most famous political machine 1. 1869-1871
2. NYC Democrats 3. Led by “Boss” Tweed
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III. Reforming National Politics
Civil Service: jobs in gov’t administration Patronage (spoils system): reward supporters with civil service jobs 1. Stalwarts: supporters of patronage system
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C. President Garfield 1. reformer 2. Chester Arthur, VP & stalwart 3
C. President Garfield 1. reformer 2. Chester Arthur, VP & stalwart 3. Garfield assassinated 4. Arthur turns reformer
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IV. Pendleton Civil Service Act
A. Merit-based hiring 1. exam score B. Pros: more honest gov’t, less favoritism C. Cons: Where will campaign $$ come from?
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V. Gov’t and Big Biz marriage
Tariffs: taxes on imported goods Biz wants higher tariffs. WHY? Drawback? Raised and lowered throughout 1890s Showed which party more closely tied with biz (republicans)
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