1. ROME “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears”

2. Julius Caesar Loved by the poor citizens of Rome Elected Consul First Triumvirate (group of 3 rulers) –Caesar, Crassus, Pompey

3. Julius Caesar Governor of Gaul Senate orders Caesar home Conquest of Egypt, Cleopatra Return to Rome, becomes dictator Stabbed 23 times in the Senate

4. Government under Caesar: –Dictatorship –Citizenship to many people –Land to veterans, grain to poor –Senate as advisory council, increased membership –Solar based calendar Reforms of Caesar

5. Red flag indicates where Caesar was killed

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7. Julius Caesar's Tomb His body was brought back by his people and burned so that the conspirators couldn’t get to it.

8. The Second Triumvirate Octavian, Antony, Lepidus Civil war between conspirators and Caesar’s allies Rivals: Octavian and Marc Antony

9. War between Octavian and Marc Antony, Cleopatra Defeat Egypt at the Battle of Actium Suicide of Marc Antony and Cleopatra Octavian: –U–Unchallenged ruler of Rome –A–Accepted the title of Augustus (exalted one) –R–Rome was now an empire, ruled by one man Battle of Actium

10. Pax Romana (Roman Peace) A period of peace, stability, and unity Vast trading network was protected by the Roman navy Cities grew wealthy

11. “All roads lead to Rome...” Roads –Military –Connections –Exchange Provinces –Spain, France, England, Germany, Greece, Egypt

12. Decline and Fall of Rome Fall of Rome

13. The last two good emperors Diocletian –Absolute ruler, limited personal freedom –Claimed descent from the gods –Persecuted Christians –Divided empire Got too big Easier to govern

14. Constantine –Reunited the empire –Moved the capitol to Constantinople –Power shift: west → east –Christianity Legalized the Christian church in 313 CE and ended persecution – Edict of Milan

15. Political Causes Political office seen as burden Bad emperors Military interference in gov’t Civil war Division of Empire Moved capital to Byzantium

16. Social Causes Decline in interest in public affairs Low confidence in gov’t Disloyalty Corruption Gap between rich and poor

17. Economic Causes Poor harvests Disruption of trade Lack of war plunder Gold and silver drain Inflation High taxes Gap between rich and poor

18. Military Causes Threat from northern tribes Low funds for defense Recruiting non- Roman citizens Lack of patriotism and loyalty amongst troops

19. Immediate Causes Military pressure from Huns Invasion by Germans and Huns Sack of Rome Conquest by invaders 476ce – the end of the western Roman Empire

20. Alphabet and Language –Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian (Romance languages) –Roman Numerals Calendar –Developed by Julius Caesar –July and August –Saturday Legacy of Rome

21. Aqueducts –Carried water into the cities from long distances –Used the arch Engineering and Architecture Architecture - columns -dome -concrete

22. Law –T–Twelve Tables – applied to everyone –U–Used witnesses, cross X, evidence –L–Lawyers –C–Civil and criminal