1. Technology for a “New Seeing”

2. Scuola Normale Superiore - Pisa “As humankind capabilities progress, we just need to redefine what we mean by the the world seeing” Prof. L. Foa (1937-2014) 2

3. Light and Luminosity: A new “seeing” 3

4. Superconductivity In 1908, Kammerling Onnes at Leida succeeds in liquefying He. As exploration of matter at very low temperature begins, the first surprise discovery doesn’t take long to materialize Resistance to Electric Current=0 Material becomes a “Superconductor” Expectations Observation K. Onnes – Nobel 1913 4

5. Theory for Superconductivity BCS Theory (Nobel 1972) developed in 1956: contrary to a normal metal, where electrons move “individually”, in a superconductor electrons “join in couples” and move coherently and in phase ! 5

6. Why ? At low temperature, pairs of electrons obey Bose-Einstein statistic. Boson can “aggregate” in the same physical state – You can have “as many as you want” electrons – (Almost) Limitless Currents (Electron) Bosons for (Higgs) Boson ! 6

7. What if you build a Magnet with Superconducting Material ? Coil Coil #1 Coil #2 Dipole 7

8. Superconductivity = no resistance ! You can run a current (almost) as high as you want to create a field as strong as possible to maintain in a closed orbit 7 TeV Protons – Need special alloy of NbTi (pron: Niobium-Ti): don’t try this at home with simple copper ! x 1232 (double aperture) 8

9. Superconducting Magnets Tevatron Magnet at FNAL (~1984) LHC Magnets at CERN (~2008) ~ 20 years to Double Performance ~ LHC is pinnacle of NbTi Capability NbTi Technology 9

10. Superconducting Nb Cavities Superconductivity can be use to accelerate particles as well (a magnet can only bend a beam of particles) Both Technologies will be used in the High Luminosity LHC ! 10

11. SC Magnets: Time for “Doubling the Performance” again FNAL BNL SLAC LBNL First steps by Twente University, LBNL & FNAL in late ~1990 LARP (LHC Accelerator R&D Program) initiated in US in ~2004 and has provided the technical basis for “Doubling of Performance” of magnets at the LHC using a different superconductor: Nb 3 Sn (pron: Niobium-Three-Tin) 11

12. Nb 3 Sn Magnet Fabrication at LARP Laboratories (~12-13 T) 10 years of R&D investment before technology could be considered ready for “Prime Time” at the HL-LHC. 12

13. World-wide Collaboration 13 L. Rossi @Kick-off Meeting 11 Nov 2013 Q1-Q3 : R&D, Design, Prototypes and in-kind USA D1 : R&D, Design, Prototypes and in-kind JP MCBX : Design and Prototype ES HO Correctors: Design and Prototypes IT Q4 : Design and Prototype FR Q1-Q3 : R&D, Design, Prototypes and in-kind USA D1 : R&D, Design, Prototypes and in-kind JP MCBX : Design and Prototype ES HO Correctors: Design and Prototypes IT Q4 : Design and Prototype FR CC : R&D, Design and in-kind USA CC : R&D and Design UK ATLAS CMS Magnets Cavities

14. Magnets Societal Benefits - MRI Tevatron allowed MRI Industry. – Req: good uniform field, stability, etc (just like for accelerator magnets) Value of MRI industry (the major customer for SC magnets at 1.5 T/3 T) – $5 Billion p.a. This industry would probably have succeeded anyway – what we can realistically claim is that the large scale investment in this technology at the Tevatron significantly accelerated its development – Financial Impact ~ 5-10 Billion $ Prof. J. Womersley 2003 Medicine Nobel Prize 14

15. ~25,000 scanners in the world (Wikipedia) 2 scans/day, 200 day/year, amounts to 10 Millions scans/year Over ~20 years of technology availability, ~200M human beings have benefited from MRI and have avoided invasive exploratory surgical procedures ! Benefits of Higher-Field MRI (as allowed by Nb 3 Sn) – Short Scan-time – Higher Resolution (especially important in Functional MRI). Magnets Societal Benefits - MRI 15

16. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Works at much higher fields than MRI (like those allowed by the Nb 3 Sn planned for the HL-LHC Upgrade) Allows study of structure, dynamics and interactions of biological macromolecules – Protein, nucleic acids 21T magnets at U. Birmingham - UK 16

17. Clinical Proton Beam Radiotherapy Proven technology for treatment of cancer by hadron bombardment Advanced Nb 3 Sn Superconductor developed by LARP/HL-LHC allowed 9T magnet in “compact” facility – Cost from 100M$+ to ~15M$ Dr. Antaya –MIT – 9 T Magnet LARP Nb 3 Sn SC 17

18. Fusion Wind Power Power Grids SCMagLev Train 18

19. SC Cavities Societal Benefits Mostly in the form of enabling other areas of research: – XFEL@DESY or LCLS- II@SLAC Production of intense x-ray facilities to allow the study of materials at atomic scale 19