1. Columbian Exchange 1500s

3. Deism 1700s

6. Articles of Confederation and Shays Rebellion 1777 – 1788 1786 – 1787

8. CONSTITUTIONARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION Levying taxes Congress has right to levy taxes on individuals Congress could request states to pay taxes Federal courts Court system created to deal with issues between citizens, states No system of federal courts Regulation of trade Congress has right to regulate trade between states No provision to regulate interstate trade Executive Executive branch headed by President who chooses Cabinet and has checks on power of judiciary and legislature No executive with power. President of U.S. merely presided over Congress Amending document 2/3 of both houses of Congress plus 3/4 of state legislatures or national convention 13/13 needed to amend Articles Raising an army Congress can raise an army to deal with military situations Congress could not draft troops, dependent on states to contribute forces Interstate commerce Interstate commerce controlled by Congress No control of trade between states Sovereignty Constitution the supreme law of the land Sovereignty resides in states Passing laws 50%+1 of both houses plus signature of President 9/13 needed to approve legislation

12. Electoral College 1788

13. 2008 Presidential Election Obama: 365 Electoral Votes McCain: 173 Electoral Votes

14. 2008 Pennsylvania Certificate of Ascertainment of Presidential Electors http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/2008-certificates/ http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/2008-certificates/

15. Article 2 Section 1 of the United States Constitution directs that “no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. “

16. 2008 Pennsylvania Certificate of Votes for President and Vice President

17. “8,000” “4,000” Democrat Republican

18. Citizen Genet 1793

21. Foreign Policy Phases

22. Exceptionalism Unilateralism Hemispherism Expansionism

23. Nullification Crisis 1828 – 1832

28. Hudson River School 1830s

31. Bonus Army or BEF 1932

33. But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.

37. Fair Deal 1948

39. George Kennan 1946

41. Betty Freidan The Feminine Mystique 1963

44. Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1964