1. CHAPTER 12 INDUSTRIALIZATION

2. BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIALIZATION INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: INCREASED OUTPUT IN MACHINE MADE GOODS; MID 1700’S; BEGAN IN ENGLAND. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: PERIOD WHERE FARMING METHODS WERE DRAMATICALLY IMPROVED. –ENCLOSURE: LAND ENCLOSED W/ FENCES. –2 RESULTS OF ENCLOSURE: –1. EXPERIMENT W/ NEW FARMING METHODS. –2. LARGE FARMS FORCED OUT TENANT FARMING.

3. BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIALIZATION JETHRO TULL INVENTS THE SEED DRILL TO PREVENT WASTE OF SEED. CROP ROTATION: PLANTING FIELDS W/ DIFFERENT CROPS EACH YEAR TO REPLENISH THE SOIL. NATURAL SELECTION: FARMERS BEGAN TO BREED ANIMALS SO THAT THEY WOULD PRODUCE LARGE, HEALTHY OFFSPRING. BRITAIN BEGINS THE REVOLUTION: –BRITAIN HAD A LARGE POP. AND ABUNDANT RESOURCES. –INDUSTRIALIZATION: PROCESS OF DEVELOPING MACHINE PRODUCED GOODS.

4. BRITAIN BEGINS THE REVOLUTION: –4 NATURAL RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR INDUSTRY: –1) HYDRO-ELECTRCITY OR COAL –2) IRON ORE –3) RIVERS –4) HARBORS –BRITAIN ALSO HAD THE THREE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION: –1) LAND 2) LABOR 3) CAPITAL (WEALTH) INVENTORS SPUR TECHNOLOGY: –FACTORIES: BUILDINGS WHERE MACHINERY IS USED TO PRODUCE GOODS.

5. JOHN KAY FLYING SHUTTLE: PRODUCED TWICE THE WORK OF A STANDARD SPINNING WHEEL.

6. JAMES HARGREAVES SPINNING JENNY: PRODUCED 8 TIMES THE WORK OF A SPINNING WHEEEL

7. RICHARD ARKWRIGHT WATER FRAME: USED WATER POWER IN MODERN MACHINES.

8. SAMUEL CROMPTON SPINNING MULE: COMBINED THE WATER FRAME AND THE SPINNING JENNY.

9. ELI WHITNEY COTTON GIN: SEPARATED THE COTTON SEEDS FROM THE BULK OF THE COTTON; INCREASED COTTON PRODUCTION FROM 1.5 MIL. LBS. TO 8.5 MIL. LBS.

10. IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION: WATT AND BOULTON TEAM TOGETHER TO MAKE THE STEAM ENGINE MORE EFFICIENT. ENTREPRENEUR: PERSON WHO ORGANIZES, MANAGES, AND TAKES THE RISKS OF A BUSINESS. FULTON BUILDS THE FIRST STEAMBOAT, THE CLERMONT, FROM A WATT AND BOULTON STEAM ENGINE, McADAM BUILDS THE 1 ST ROADS THAT COULD HOLD WATER AND STILL BE TRAVELED ON.

11. CLERMONT

12. IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION: PEOPLE ALSO STARTED USING STEAM DRIVEN RAILCARS FOR TRANSPORTING GOODS. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY WERE OPENED AND WERE AN IMMEDIATE SUCCESS. 3 WAYS RAILROADS REVOLUTIONIZED BRITAIN: –1) SPURRED INDUSTRIAL GROWTH –2) CREATED HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF JOBS –3) INCREASED AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY

13. INDUSTRIALIZATION INDUSTRY CHANGE LIFESTYLES: –GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES: –URBANIZATION: SHIFT OF POP. FROM RURAL TO URBAN. –LIVING CONDITIONS: NO CITY PLANS; NO SANITARY CODES; NO EDUCATION SYSTEM; NO POLICE. –WORKING CONDITIONS: 14 HR. DAYS; 6 DAYS PER WK. –MIDDLE CLASS: SOCIAL CLASS THAT DEV. DURING THE IND. REV. THAT WAS MADE UP OF SKILL WORKERS, PROFESSIONALS, BUSINESS PEOPLE, FARMERS.

14. INDUSTRIALIZATION POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION: –1) CREATED JOBS AND NEW WEALTH –2) INCREASED PRODUCTION OF GOODS AND THE STANDARD OF LIVING.

15. INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS: INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE US: –BRITAIN’S BLOCKADE IN THE WAR OF 1812 FORCED THE US TO FORM THEIR OWN INDUSTRY. INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US: –SAMUEL SLATER: EMIGRATED TO THE US AND BUILT A SPINNING MACHINE FROM MEMORY. –MOSES BROWN: OPENED 1 ST US FACTORY. –FRANCIS LOWELL: 1 ST PERSON IN THE US TO MECHANIZE EVERY STAGE IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY.

16. INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS: LATER EXPANSION OF US INDUSTRY: –CORPORATION: BUSINESS OWNED BY STOCKHOLDERS WHO SHARE ITS PROFITS BUT AREN’T PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS DEBTS. –LARGE CORPORATIONS FORMED IN THE LATE 1800’S –1) STANDARD OIL: JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER –2) CARNEGIE STEEL: ANDREW CARNEGIE MONOPOLY: WHEN A CERTAIN PERSON OR COMPANY OWNS ALL ASPECTS OF A TYPE OF BUSINESS.

17. ANDREW CARNEGIE JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

18. AN AGE OF REFORM: W/ INDUSTRIALISM BROUGHT A GAP B/N THE RICH AND THE POOR. THIS GAVE THE GOV’T A MAJOR PROBLEM: HELP THE POOR OR HARBOR THE RICH. LAISSEZ FAIRE: LET DO; LET BUSINESS OWNERS SET WORKING CONDITIONS W/OUT INTERFERENCE FROM THE GOVERNMENT. LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICS: –ADAM SMITH: THE WEALTH OF NATIONS; ECONOMIC LIBERTIES GUARANTEED ECONOMIC PROGRESS.

19. LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICS: CAPITALISM: ECONOMIC SYSTEM WHERE MONEY IS INVESTED IN A VENTURE W/ GOAL OF MAKING A PROFIT. THOMAS MALTHUS: AN ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION; POP. SHOULD NOT INCREASE FASTER THAN WARS. DAVID RICARDO: PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY AND TAXATION; PERMANENT UNDERCLASS WOULD ALWAYS BE POOR.

20. THE RISE OF SOCIALISM: UTILITARIANISM: INTRO. BY JEREMY BENTHAM; PEOPLE SHOULD JUDGE IDEAS AND INSTITUTIONS ON THE BASIS OF USEFULLNESS. SOCIALISM: FACTORS OF PRODUCTION ARE OWNED BY THE PUBLIC AND SHOULD OPERATE FOR THE WELL BEING OF ALL. KARL MARX: GERMAN JOURNALIST THAT INTRO. MARXISM IN A PAMPHLET CALLED THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO; ARGUED THAT HUMANS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN DIVIDED INTO WARRING CLASSES.

21. COMMUNISM COMMUNISM: THE FINAL STAGE OF THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO; FORM OF COMPLETE SOCIALISM WHERE ALL FORMS OF PRODUCTION ( LAND, MINES, FACTORIES, RAILROADS, AND BUSINESSES ) WOULD BE OWNED BY THE PEOPLE. LEADERS INSPIRED BY MARX: –1. RUSSIA’S LENIN –2. CHINA’S MAO ZEDONG –3. VIETNAM’S HO CHI MINH –4. CUBA’S FIDEL CASTRO

22. UNIONIZATION AND LEGISLATIVE REFORM: UNION: VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION WHERE WORKERS JOINED TOGETHER TO PRESS FOR REFORMS. THE UNION MOVEMENT: –COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: NEGOTIATIONS B/N WORKERS AND EMPLOYERS. –STRIKE: WHEN WORKERS DON’T GET DEMANDS AND REFUSE TO WORK. –COMBINATION ACTS: GB OUTLAWED UNIONS; REPEALED IN 1824.

23. UNIONIZATION AND LEGISLATIVE REFORM: AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR: SEVERAL UNIONS FORMED TOGETHER IN THE US TO POOL THEIR POWER. FACTORY ACT OF 1833: MADE IT ILLEGAL TO HIRE CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 9; CHILDREN 9-12 COULD WORK 8 HRS PER DAY; CHILDREN 13-17 COULD WORK 12 HRS PER DAY. 1842 MINES ACT: WOMEN AND CHILDREN COULD NO LONGER WORK UNDERGROUND. TEN HOURS ACT OF 1847: LIMITED THE WORK DAY TO TEN HOURS FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN.