1. Biology Journal 8/24/2015
How is this picture like the Endosymbiotic Theory? What would happen next, in this analogy?
Remember the 4 major pieces of evidence that support the Endosymbiotic Theory?

2. Endosymbiosis
Like all evolution, eukaryotes evolved through a series of small steps.

3. Today!
Get ready for your lab on osmosis. This lab will be counted as evidence. It will eventually all be put in your composition notebook.
Read the entire lab
Decide where you want to put it, and write your pre-lab questions, procedure, and materials.
Do the homework questions for section 1.3
Is there any other practice you’ve skipped? You can do the Endosymbiotic Theory worksheet, the Cells, Cells, They’re made of Organelles worksheet, the Measuring Magnification worksheet…

4. Today!
Do your journal. Compare your answers with another classmate, and add to your journal anything they have that you didn’t think of.
Get ready for your lab on osmosis. This lab will be counted as evidence. It will eventually all be put in your composition notebook.
Read the entire lab
Decide where you want to put it, and write your pre-lab questions, procedure, and materials.
Do the homework questions for section 1.3
Is there any other practice you’ve skipped? You can do the Endosymbiotic Theory worksheet, the Cells, Cells, They’re made of Organelles worksheet, the Measuring Magnification worksheet…

5. Biology Journal 9/14/12
What molecule is the macromolecule DNA made out of?
How did that molecule get its name?

6. Biology Journal 9/20/10
What do ribosomes do?
What other organelle are ribosomes often attached to?
What does that organelle do?

7. How many cells do you think are in the average human’s body?
Biology Journal 11/21/13
How many cells do you think are in the average human’s body?

8. Biology Journal 11/22/13
What are histones?
What are chromosomes?
What’s the difference between the DNA of a eukaryote and the DNA of a prokaryote?

9. Biology Journal 11/27/13
The DNA of a prokaryote is called “naked.” Why is that? What’s different about the DNA of a eukaryote and a prokaryote?

10. Topic 1: Cell Biology (15 hours)
1.2 Ultrastructure of cells: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes.
Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure.
Understandings:
Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization.
Prokaryotes divide by binary fission.
Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes.
Developments in science, such as electron microscopy, can have economic benefits as they give commercial companies opportunities to make profits, but this can affect cooperation between scientists.
Applications and skills:
Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf.
Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs: cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA.
Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs: plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells.
International-mindedness: Microscopes were invented simultaneously in different parts of the world at a time when information travelled slowly. Modern-day communications have allowed for improvements in the ability to collaborate, enriching scientific endeavour.
 Theory of knowledge: The world that we inhabit is limited by the world that we see. Is there any distinction to be drawn between knowledge claims dependent upon observations made by sense perception and knowledge claims dependent upon observations assisted by technology?

11. Biology Journal 11/7/2014
A cell is 32 µm across. A student draws it as 250mm wide. What is the magnification? Show your work.

12. A cell is 32 µm across. A student draws it as 250mm wide
A cell is 32 µm across. A student draws it as 250mm wide. What is the magnification?
You don’t have to draw it, but you can if that helps!
Measured length
Actual size =
Magnification
250 mm µm
Solve for x
32 µm =
32 µm = x x
7800 times magnified
X= 7800
Convert to the same units before you divide!
1000 µm
250 mm x
= µm
1 mm

13. Biology Journal 11/6/2014
The kind of microscopes we have used are called light microscopes.
What do you think could be the smallest things we can see with a light microscope?
What do you think could be the smallest things we can see with an electron microscope?
A more powerful microscope is an electron microscope.

14. What do you think these could be?

15. 1.2 The Ultrastructure of Cells

16. The invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure.

17. All organisms can be divided into two groups according to their cell structure.
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Germs!
Smaller, simpler
You are a Eukaryote. Bigger, more complex
Cell wall with cellulose (plants), chitin (fungi), or no cell wall (animals)
Cell wall with peptidoglycan
70s ribosomes
80s ribosomes
Reproduces through binary fission
Reproduces through mitosis

18. Eukaryotes are about 100 times bigger than prokaryotes

19. Example IB topic skill:
Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs: cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA.

20. Parts are indistinguishable
Example IB topic skill:
Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs: cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA.
A Terrible Drawing…
Too light
Unlabeled
Messy
Tiny
Parts are indistinguishable

21. A Good Drawing… Good use of space Clear strong lines
Label lines are straight
Labels clearly written
Scale bar if appropriate
Lines touch the labeled structure
No unnecessary shading or coloring

22. Cell Membrane Nucleoid Flagella Cytoplasm Cell Wall Pili 70S Ribosomes
Made out of phospholipids; controls what enters and leaves cell
Nucleoid
Region where naked DNA can be found; may have plasmids (loops of “extra” DNA, which can introduce new genes)
Flagella
Whip like; allows the cell to move
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance
Cell Wall
Made out of peptidoglycan (mesh of amino acids and sugars)
Pili
Allows cells to connect and exchange DNA (sexual reproduction)
70S Ribosomes
make protein

23. Example IB topic skill:
Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs: plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.

24. 10µm

25. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plasma membrane
Mitochondria
Free 80S ribosomes
Lysosomes
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
10µm

26. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
DNA in a membrane
Mitochondria
Makes energy by doing cellular respiration
Vacuole
Large compartment for storage of water or other molecules
80S Ribosomes
They make protein; sometimes attached to ER
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance
Chloroplast
Makes glucose by doing photosynthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transports molecules; can have ribosomes attached (rough) or none (smooth)
Cell Wall
In plant cells, it is made out of cellulose (a carbohydrate)
In fungi, it is made out of chitin (a carbohydrate)
Animal cells don’t have one
Golgi Complex
Makes vesicles for molecules to enter or leave the cell

27. Identify the structures in these false-colored microscopic images
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
(the darker spheres are ribosomes)
Cell wall
Pili
Flagella
Nucleoid region
(where DNA is located)

28. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Identify the structures in this false-colored microscopic image of a human liver cell
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
(free)
Cytoplasm
Plasma
membrane
Lysosome
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(rough)

30. (little dots are ribosomes)
Identify the structures in this microscopic image of a plant cell (not false colored)
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
(little dots are ribosomes)
Cell
Wall
Plasma
membrane
Mitochondrion
Nucleus

32. This is a sweat gland attached to a hair follicle!
Which cell parts can we identify?
Which cells do you think…
Excrete water and lipids?
Make up the upper level of skin (epidermis)?
Make up the fatty, squishy layer of tissue under the skin?

33. This is a cross-section of a leaf
This is a cross-section of a leaf! How do some of the cells appear specialized for their job?
Which cell parts can we identify?
Which cells do you think…
Do photosynthesis?
Form a water-tight barrier?
Transport sugars and carbohydrates?

35. Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes
Biology Journal 11/25/2013
Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a Venn diagram.
Eukaryotes
Both
Prokaryotes

36. Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes
Biology Journal 11/25/2013
Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a Venn diagram.
Eukaryotes
Both
Prokaryotes
Large and more complex
Have a cell membrane and cytoplasm
Small and simple
Has a nucleus and organelles
Reproduce through asexual cell division
Lacks a nucleus and lacks organelles
DNA is linear and in many pieces (chromosomes)
Have ribosomes (but they are different)
DNA is circular and in one piece (usually)
Cells divide through mitosis
Cells divide through binary fission
Have 80s ribosomes
Have 70s ribosomes
Attaches and transfers DNA through pili

37. Biology Journal 11/26/2013
Compare and contrast plant and animal cells in a Venn diagram.
Plant
Both
Animal

38. Biology Journal 11/26/2013
Compare and contrast plant and animal cells in a Venn diagram.
Plant
Both
Animal
Have chloroplasts
Are eukaryotes
Often are high in lysosomes
Has a plant cell wall
Have other organelles in common (mitochondria, ER, golgi bodies…)
Can have great ability to move
Has a large vacuole
Are similar in size
No / very limited ability to move
Cells asexually reproduce through mitosis

39. Extracellular Components – parts outside of the cell
The cell wall of plants
Gives the cell shape
Holds the cell up against gravity
Prevents it from exploding from too much water
Glycoproteins of animals
Made out of carbohydrates attached to proteins
Gives the cells adhesion
Anchors the cell to surrounding cells
Allow for movement

40. On your notecard, write…
Your name on the card
One question that’s a definition
One question that’s a drawing
One question that’s an explanation
Write the answers to these on the backside
For example
Sarah Smith hr.1
What does flagella do?
What’s this thing?
Why do eukaryotes have to do
mitosis, but prokaryotes don’t?