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2. Characteristics 2

3.  Eukaryotes  Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)  Grow best in warm, moist environments  Mycology is the study of fungi 3

4.  Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies  Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host  Store food energy as glycogen BREAD MOLD 4

5.  Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)  Body is called the Thallus  Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae 5

6.  Produce both sexual and asexual spores  Classified by their sexual reproductive structures Spores come in various shapes 6

7. Vegetative Structures 7

8.  Tubular  Tubular shape  ONE  ONE continuous cell cytoplasm & nuclei  Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei  Multinucleate chitin  Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons 8

9.  Stolons  Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other  Rhizoids  Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus 9 STOLON RHIZOIDS

10.  Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments  Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm  Form network called mycelia (non reproductive) that run through the thallus (reproductive body) 10

11.  Fungi get carbon from organic sources  Tips of Hyphae release enzymes  Enzymatic breakdown of substrate  Products diffuse back into hyphae Digested material is then used by the hypha Nucleus “directs” the digestive process

12.  Hyphae grow from their tips  Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae  Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi This wall is rigidOnly the tip wall is plastic and stretches 12

13. REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES 13

14. Asexually Sexually  Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores most common genetically identical  ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms conditions are poor & nutrients scarce  Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients scarce 14

15. adaptation  Spores are an adaptation to life on land species will disperse to new locations  Ensure that the species will disperse to new locations reproductive cell  Each spore contains a reproductive cell that forms a new organism  Nonmotile wind  Dispersed by wind 15

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17.  Used when environmental conditions are poor (lack of nutrients, space, moisture…)  No male or female fungi  Some fungi show dimorphism  May grow as MYCELIA or a YEAST –LIKE state (Filament at 25 o C & Round at 37 o C) 17 Dimorphic Fungi

18. 1n hyphae 2 mating types (+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization)  Haploid 1n hyphae from 2 mating types (+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization)  Forms a hyphae with 2 nuclei that becomes a ZYGOTE  The zygote divides to make a SPORE 18 + - SPORE FORMS

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20.  Fragmentation  Fragmentation – part of the mycelium becomes separated & begins a life of its own  Budding  Budding – a small cell forms & gets pinched off as it grows to full size  Used by yeasts  Asexual spores – production of spores by a single mycelium 20

21.  Spores may be Formed:  Directly on hyphae  Inside sporangia  On Fruiting bodies Amanita fruiting body Pilobolus sporangia Penicillium hyphae

22.  Fruiting Bodies asexual  Fruiting Bodies are modified hyphae that make asexual spores Sporangiosphore Sporangium  An upright stalk called the Sporangiosphore supports the spore case or Sporangium 22

23.  Types of Fruiting Bodies:  Basidia  Sporangia  Ascus 23 Basidia Sporangia

24. mycelium Fruiting Bodies Both are composed of hyphae 24

25.  Mycelia have a huge surface area  More surface area aids digestion & absorption of food mycelium Germinating spore 25

26. Evolution of Fungi 26

27.  Which of the following is most closely related to a mushroom (fungus)?  WHY? Recent DNA-based studies show that fungi are more similar to animals than to plants 27

28. Evolution of the Fungi

29. REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES and SPORES  Fungi are classified by their REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES and SPORES  The reproductive structures are: BASIDIA - BASIDIOMYCOTA  BASIDIA - BASIDIOMYCOTA  SPORANGIA - ZYGOSPORANGIA  ASCUS - ASCOMYCOTA 29

30.  Spores are made of:  Dehydrated cytoplasm  Protective coat  Haploid cell  Wind, animals, water, & insects spread spores  Spores germinates when they land on a moist surface (new hyphae form) 30

31. Classification & Phylogeny motile spores zygosporangia asci basidia 31

32. Major Groups of Fungi 32

33. re-classified into the protists  Within the past few years, several groups have been re-classified into the protists slime molds and water molds  Two of these groups are the slime molds and water molds

34.  Saprobes  Decomposers  Molds, mushrooms, etc.  Parasites  Harm host  Rusts and smuts (attack plants)  Mutualists  Both benefit  Lichens  Mycorrhizas 34

35.  Basidiomycota –  Basidiomycota – Club Fungi  Zygomycota –  Zygomycota – Bread Molds  Chytridiomycota –  Chytridiomycota – Chytrids  Ascomycota –  Ascomycota – Sac Fungi  Lichens/–  Lichens/Mycorrhizas– Symbiosis (plant or algae & Fungi)

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37.  Called the sporangium fungi  Commonly called molds  Also includes blights  Hyphae have no cross walls (aseptate)  Grow rapidly  Includes bread mold Rhizopus stolonifer Rhizopus on strawberries Tomato Blight

38. sporangiumsporangiospores spores  Asexual reproductive structure called sporangium atop sporangiospores make spores  Rhizoids  Rhizoids anchor the mold & release digestive enzymes & absorb food  Stolons  Stolons connect the fruiting bodies

39.  Sexual conjugation hyphae fuse  Sexual spores are produced by conjugation when (+) hyphae and (-) hyphae fuse ZYGOSPORES  Sexual spores are called ZYGOSPORES endure harsh environments  Zygospores can endure harsh environments until conditions improve zygospore

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41.  Called Club fungi  Includes:  Mushrooms  Toadstools  Bracket & Shelf fungi  Puffballs  Stinkhorns  Rusts and smuts

42. (mushrooms)  Some are used as food (mushrooms) (rusts & smuts)  Others damage crops (rusts & smuts) Corn Smut Soybean Rust Portobello Mushrooms

43.  Seldom  Seldom reproduce asexually fruiting body  The visible mushroom is a fruiting body  Basidiocarp stipe cap Basidia  Basidiocarp (fruiting body) is made of a stalk called the stipe and a flattened cap with gills called Basidia underneath  Basidiospores  Basidiospores are found on basidia  Annulus and Volva  Annulus and Volvais a skirt-like ring around some stipes  Vegetative  Vegetative structures found below ground: Mycelium 43

44. Fig 31.12 Nuclear fusion in basidium Meiosis Hyphal fusion of haploid mycelia haploid mycelium young basidia - the only diploid cells mycelium and fruiting body are dikaryotic N 2N N+N 44

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46. Sac fungi  Called Sac fungi Cup fungi, morels, truffles, yeasts, mildew  Includes Cup fungi, morels, truffles, yeasts, and mildew (Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight)  May be plant parasites (Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight)  Reproduce sexually & asexually  Ascus ascospores  Ascus - sac that makes ascospores in sexual reproduction Ascocarps  Specialized hyphae known as Ascocarps contain the asci

47. budding  Yeasts reproduce asexually by budding (buds break off to make more yeast cells)  Asexual conidia conidiophores  Asexual spores called conidia form on the tips of special hyphae called conidiophores CONIDIA

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49. Saccharomyces

50.  Trufflesmorels  Truffles and morels are good examples of edible ascomycetes  Penicillium mold  Penicillium mold makes the antibiotic penicillin. flavor to cheeses.  Some ascomycetes also gives flavor to certain cheeses.  Saccharomyces cerevesiae  Saccharomyces cerevesiae (yeast) is used to make bread rise and to ferment beer & wine.

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52. chytrids  Called chytrids motile spores (flagella)  Produce motile spores (flagella) saprobes parasites  Mostly saprobes and parasites in aquatic habitats  Biodegrade and recycle  Biodegrade and recycle nutrient s Chytrid that attacks Potatoes

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54. associated with plant roots  Fungus associated with plant roots  Mutualism  Mutualism between :  Fungus  Fungus (nutrient & water uptake for plant)  Plant  Plant (carbohydrate for fungus)  Extremely important ecologically 54

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56.  Mutualism between:  Fungus  Fungus (structure)  Algae or cyanobacteria  Algae or cyanobacteria (provides food)  Form a thallus (body)  Foliose (leaf-like)  Fruticose (shrub-like)  Crustose (Crust-like)

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