1. Cell Type, Structure, & Function Bio.4 - Biology Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells

2. What are the characteristics of life? Characteristics of life: Made of cells Use energy - metabolism Reproduce Respond to stimulus Change over time - grow Movement of materials

3. How do we define life? Cell Theory All living organisms are composed of cells Cells are the smallest structures that perform the functions of life All cells come from preexisting cells Theory Statements that explain a phenomenon; repeatedly tested, widely accepted, and used to make predictions.

4. What do all cells have in common? All cells have common structures Cell membrane Ribosome Cytoplasm Cells contain DNA Cells are basic unit of life

5. Make a three column chart. (Title of slide) ProkaryotesEukaryotes Two types of cellsProkaryotes Eukaryotes Cell History Cell size

6. Two Cell Types Prokaryotic “pro” – BEFORE “karyo” – kernel, nucleus a cell type BEFORE the evolution of a nucleus Eukaryotic “eu” – true “karyo” – nucleus cell with a true nucleus

7. Cell History Prokaryotic Ancient cells Evolved 3.5 bya Billion years ago Eukaryotic Modern cells Evolved 1.4 bya Stromatolites, ancient bacterial formations

8. Cell Size Prokaryotic Smaller cells 1 to 10 µm Micrometer – 1/1000 of a meter Eukaryotic Larger cells 10 to 100 µm

9. Cell Size Comparison

10. Cell Organization Prokaryotic Simple cells with all parts in “one room” Eukaryotic Complex cells with many compartments

11. Location of DNA Prokaryotic DNA is loose in the cytoplasm,called a nucleiod Eukaryotic DNA is protected in the nucleus

12. Presence of Organelles Prokaryotic Ribosomes Cell membrane only Eukaryotic Many, membrane - bound organelles

13. Cell Structures and Functions Animal Cell

14. Type of Organisms Prokaryotic Bacteria only! Eukaryotic Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists roundRod shaped Spiral shaped

15. Prokaryotes: Bacteria

16. Size of Organisms Prokaryotic Always unicellular uni = one SUPER SMALL Eukaryotic Mostly multicellular (more than one cell) Range from cell size (microscopic) to the size of a sequoia tree (83 m=272 ft)

17. Cell Reproduction ProkaryotesEukaryotes

18. Viruses Viruses are not considered living because: i. they are not made of cells and ii.need a host cell to reproduce Viruses are much smaller than cells Viruses and cells both contain GENETIC MATERIAL Capsid

19. Capsid – protein shell that protects genetic information of virus What are the functions of the viral structures?

20. Genetic information – strands of DNA or RNA used to make viral proteins inside infected host cell What are the functions of the viral structures?

21. Tail – protein shaft that contracts to inject viral genetic information into host cell Viral Structure - Bacteriophage

22. Tail fibers – proteins that attach to the outside of a host cell Viral Structure - Bacteriophage

23. Membranous envelope – lipids that attach and fuse to host cells membrane Viral Structure – Other Types

24. Viruses DNA or RNA as genetic information Need a host to replicate Never contain organelles Do not convert energy (metabolize) Cellular Life Only DNA as genetic information Can reproduce independently Eukaryotes contain organelles Convert energy to perform tasks Viruses vs. Cellular Life

25. Viruses need a host to reproduce – Goal: create more copies of their genetic material Two methods – Lytic Cycle – Lysogenic Cycle How do viruses reproduce?

26. Lytic Cycle – Attaches to host – Injects genetic material into host – Cellular machinery duplicates genetic material and creates viral proteins (capsids, tail fibers) – New viruses are assembled – New viruses exit the cell by bursting the cellular membrane End result – more viruses made, cell dies Viral Reproduction – Lytic Cycle

27. Lytic Cycle Attachment Entry Replication Assembly Release Viral Reproduction – Lytic Cycle

28. Lysogenic Cycle – Attaches to host – Injects genetic material into host – Viral genetic material is inserted into host genome – Viral genetic material lies dormant – When cell reproduces, new copies have viral genetic information – Environmental stimulus sends viral DNA into lytic cycle End result – more viral genome made, cell lives Viral Reproduction – Lysogenic Cycle

29. Lysogenic Cycle Attachment Entry Reproduction Insertion Separation Viral Reproduction – Lysogenic Cycle

30. Lytic Cycle New viruses made Cellular host dies Lysogenic Cycle Genome copies made Cellular host lives Viral Reproduction

31. Lysogenic Cycle: – Herpes – HPV – Chicken Pox (can become shingles) – HIV – Hepatitis B Lytic: – SARS – Common Cold – Influenza – Rabies – AIDS phase of HIV – Tobacco Mosaic Virus (in plants) Common Viral Infections

32. Lytic & Lysogenic Cycles Viral Reproduction

33. Cell Type, Structure, & Function Bio.4 - Biology Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells

34. Cells Make Proteins

35. Structure & Function

36. What is structure? A structure is a physical part, or a description of how something is built.

37. What is function? A function is a job, a purpose, or a process that needs to be done.

38. What are organelles? An organelle is a “mini organ” inside a eukaryotic cell that carries out a specific function.

39. Cell Membrane Lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell Embedded proteins control what materials enter and leave the cell.

40. Cytoplasm Jelly-like fluid inside the cell membrane Supports and holds all the organelles

41. Ribosomes Where proteins are assembled Translate genes into proteins

42. Cell Wall Support, strength, and protection Found outside plasma membrane; made out of cellulose Plant Cell Wall  Bacteria Cell Wall

43. Flagella/Cilia Extensions of the plasma membrane that allow for movement Bacteria with many flagella

44. Nucleus Membrane bound area where chromosomes are found Holds the DNA, or genetic information

45. Nucleolus Dense region found in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made

46. Chloroplasts Contains chlorophyll Site of photosynthesis reactions 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 sunlight

47. Mitochondria Produces ATP (energy) for the cell during cellular respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + ATP Composed of inner and outer membrane

48. Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranous stacks with rough and smooth sections Participates in protein synthesis and membrane synthesis

49. Golgi Apparatus Modifies and packages proteins for secretion by budding of vesicles

50. Lysosomes Contains enzymes that break down cell wastes and foods Recycle old cell parts Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes 

51. Vacuole Stores water and pigments in plant cells

52. Centrioles Used to organize chromosomes during cell division using spindle fibers.

53. Cells Make Proteins

54. Cell Type, Structure, & Function Bio.4 - Biology Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells