1. C HAPTER 2 E ARTH AS A S YSTEM

2. 2.1 E ARTH : A U NIQUE P LANET Know the compositional and structural zones of Earth Explain how solar wind affect the magnetosphere Be able to state Newton’s law of gravitation Calculate the speed of a point on the earth if given the circumference of that rotation Calculate the speed of seismic waves traveling through the earth

3. 2.1 E ARTH : A U NIQUE P LANET Only known planet that: Has liquid water on its surface. Has an atmosphere that contains Oxygen gas Supports life Formed 4.6 billion years ago Not a perfect circle. Oblate sphere. Pg 27 Equatorial Circumference 40,074 km

4. 2.1 C OMPOSITIONAL Z ONES OF E ARTH ’ S I NTERIOR Crust- the thin, solid, outermost zone of Earth. Continental Crust- 15 to 80 km thick Oceanic Crust- 5-10 km thick Mantle- layer that underlies the crust. Denser than the crust. 2,900 km thick- makes up 2/3 of Earth’s mass Core- The center of Earth Sphere shaped 3,500 km thick Composed of Iron and Nickel

5. 2.1 S TRUCTURAL Z ONES OF E ARTH ’ S I NTERIOR Lithosphere- The solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle. 15-300 km thick Asthenosphere- The solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it. 200-250 km thick. Mesosphere- literally, the ‘middle sphere”’ the strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core. Outer Core-Dense liquid underneath the Mesosphere 2,900 km down Inner Core- Dense, rigid solid. Center of the Earth. 5,150 km down.

6. 2.1 E ARTH AS A M AGNETIC Earth has a North and South Pole Pg 29 Figure 3 Earth’s magnetic field extends beyond the Earth’s Atmosphere and affects a region of space called the magnetosphere. Source of Magnetic Field may be the liquid iron in Earth’s outer core. Motions within the core produce electric currents that in turn create Earth’s magnetic field. Recent studies indicate that the sun and moon also have magnetic fields. Research in this field can help understand how we have our magnetic field.

7. 2.1 E ARTH ’ S G RAVITY Gravity is the force of attraction that exists between all matter in the universe. Newton’s Law of Gravitation states that, “the force of attraction between any two objects depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between the objects” The larger and closer the objects are, the greater the force of gravity is.

8. 2.2 E NERGY IN THE E ARTH SYSTEM System-An organized group of related object or components that interact to create a whole They can be closed or open systems

9. 2.2 E NERGY IN THE E ARTH SYSTEM Matter vs Energy Matter- Anything that has mass and takes up space. Made of atoms and/or molecules Energy-the ability to do work Transforms into heat, light, vibrations, or waves Both can be transferred (or moved) into a system or out of a system

10. 2.1 S YSTEMS Closed System: A system in which energy, but not matter is exchanged with the surroundings Pg 32 Closed Jar- Energy in the form of light and heat can be exchanged through the sides. Because the jar is closed no matter can be exchanged with a closed container. Open System: A system in which both energy and matter can be exchanged with the surroundings. Open Jar, lake, Earth is considered a system-A closed system because matter exchange is limited.

11. F IRST L AW OF T HERMODYNAMICS Law of Conservation of Matter: States “Matter cannot be created or destroyed.” It instead, transforms or changes. Example: As a chemical breaks down from a reaction it releases energy in the form of heat.

12. P G 33-35 O UTLINE N OTES

13. E ARTH ’ S F OUR S YSTEMS The Atmosphere 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% other The Hydrosphere 71% of earth covered in water Only 3% is fresh water The Geosphere Largest solid part of earth The Biosphere Composed of all the forms of life/organic matter

14. E ARTH ’ S E NERGY B UDGET First Law of Thermodynamics Conservation of energy and matter Second Law of Thermodynamics “When energy transfer takes place, matter becomes less organized with time” Universe’s energy is spread out more and more uniformly over time

15. I NTERNAL S OURCES OF E NERGY Pg 35 “The Earth’s interior was headed by radioactive decay and gravitational contraction” What does this mean? The Idea of convection Warm things rise…..why??? Why is it important….well this process drives the plate motions in the surface layers of the geosphere that create mountain ranges and ocean basins.

16. E XTERNAL E NERGY S OURCES The Sun Solar radiation warms Earth’s atmosphere and surface Convection of air masses causes winds and ocean currents Gravitational Energy From moon and sun cause tides/currents

17. C YCLES OF THE E ARTH SYSTEM Nitrogen Cycle Pg 36 Builds protein that builds cells Carbon Cycle Pg 37 Essential substances in the fuels used for life processes. Phosphorus Cycle Pg 37 Part of some molecules that organism need to build cells Phosphorus was discovered from extracting it from urine. Water Cycle Pg 38

18. 2.3 E COLOGY

19. E COLOGY The study of the complex relationships between living things and their nonliving, or abiotic environment.

20. E COSYSTEMS A community of organisms and the environment that the organisms inhabit is called an ecosystem. As large as an ocean or as small as a rotting log. Largest ecosystem is the biosphere Energy flows through these ecosystems producers, consumers, decomposers (food webs) Any examples?

21. B ALANCING F ORCES IN E COSYSTEMS Organisms in an ecosystem use matter and energy. Amounts of matter and energy are limited The largest population that an environment can support at any given time is called the carrying capacity.

22. E NERGY T RANSFER Starts with the Sun and photosynthesis Photosynthesis captures energy that then flows through ecosystems from the plants, to the animals that feed on the plants, and finally to the decomposers of animals and plant remains. Food Webs Pg 41 What is an Energy Pyramid? Let’s talk about efficiently of a food web.

23. C REATE YOUR O WN FOOD WEB Create your own food web using the different animals either in the movie “The Lion King” How does the song “The Cycle of Life” related to this food web?