1. Shifts in Governance for Higher Education and Research Jürgen Enders Center for Higher Education Policy Studies University of Twente The Netherlands CHEPS Summerschool, 7/2004, Enschede

2. Shifts in Governance or A Day in the Jardin du Luxembourg

3. Governance... “During the last decade, the term ‘governance’ has made a remarkable appearance in the disciplines of public administration, political science, sociology, law and economics.... The Online contents catalogue of journals, for instance, returns 24 hits of the term ‘governance’ in 1990, and 603 hits in 2000.” (van Keersbergen & van Warden, 2001)

4. ... And Innovation I “Innovation has become the industrial religion of the late 20 th century. Business sees it as key to increasing profits and market share. Government automatically reach for it when trying to fix the economy. Around the world, the rhetoric of innovation has replaced post-war language of welfare economics. It is the new theology that units the left and right of politics. (The Economist, 1999)

5. Governance and Innovation II Gubernare (classical Latin): governance and government steering a ship, steering the state ship Innovatio (Church Latin): innovation and innovator change and renewal, someone bringing change

6. Innovation: A Working Definition brainpower austria

7. Governance: A Working Definition Governance: A Working Definition Governance refers to the processes whereby actors in society wield power and authority, and influence and enact policies and decisions concerning public affairs, economic and social development. Governance is a broader notion than government, whose principal elements include constitution, legislature, executive and judiciary. Governance involves interaction between these formal institutions and the informal institutions in civil society. Criteria for assessing governance in a particular context will include justice and equality, legitimacy and accountability, effectiveness and efficiency.

8. Legitimacy: A Working Definition “Legitimacy is a shared expectation among actors in an arrangement of asymmetric power, such that the actions of those who rule are accepted by those who are ruled because the latter are convinced that the actions of the former conform to pre-established norms. Put simply, legitimacy converts power into authority – Macht into Herrschaft – and, thereby, establishes simultaneously an obligation to obey and a right to rule.” Schmitter (2001)

9. Accountability: A Working Definition Accountability refers to the process of holding someone answerable and responsible for performance as the results, mostly harmful, of a given form of behaviour or event. Romzek (2000)/Bovens (1998)

10. Universities and their regulatory environment Universities and their regulatory environment National one dominated by the state, governmental agencies Self-organisation of science, academic self- administration Protecting from further direct interference

11. The visible hand of the public authority The visible hand of the public authority Changing role of the nation state: who rules? European, national and regional policies State control and state supervision Ex ante control and ex post control Input legitimacy and output legitimacy

12. The visible hand of the organisation The visible hand of the organisation Constructing organisations: agents or partners? Identity: emphasising autonomy, defining boundaries, possessing collective resources Hierarchy: Coordination, control and management Rationality: Intentionality, pre-set objectives, and accountability

13. The invisible hand of the market The invisible hand of the market Constructing markets: how to protect public good? Education and research as tradable goods Price as main information and steering mechanism Competition as a means for selection

14. The many visible hands of the networks The many visible hands of the networks Constructing networks: who is accountable? Shifting boundaries between public, private, voluntary Coordinating related interests State actors and (multitude of) stakeholders Functionally differentiated, cross-cutting levels

15. Mixed Modes of Coordination in Higher Education and Research Governmental steering Quasi-market competition Academic self-governance Hierarchical organisational self-steering Stakeholder involvement

16. Implications and Challenges I Diversification of funding and concentration of resources Vertical and horizontal differentiation of universities Knowledge valorisation and the third mission of higher education

17. Implications and Challenges II From science as an endless frontier to strategic research From ‘front end’ to ‘life span’ of education and training From the research-teaching nexus to the basic-applied nexus