1. TRIUMF Qweak Electronics Des Ramsay Nov 2008

2. Status of Electronics November, 2008  36 VME modules (# 001 and # 003-037) delivered to JLab  001, 003, 004, and 005 are back at TRIUMF for front-end upgrade.  038 to Ohio (Paul)  039 to U. Virginia (Kent)  14 Main (0.5M, 1M, 2M, 4M) preamps to JLab  14 Lumi (0.5M, 1M, 25M, 50M) preamps to JLab  20 more preamps ordered by Roger. Insides ready at TRIUMF, need to be boxed and tested.  four KDP-A and four KDP-B ordered by Kent.  now five styles of preamp: Main: 0.5M, 1M, 2M, 4M, 26 kHz Lumi: 0.5M, 1M, 25M, 50M, 17 kHz KDP-A: 0.3M, 0.6M, 1.2M, 2.4M, 25 kHz KDP-B: 4k, 12k, 36k, 100k, 110 kHz SNS: 10k, 100k, 1M, 10M, 16 kHz

3. Input Cables Large input capacitance increases the noise gain of the first stage. For Qweak we should limit the input cable capacitance to ~200 pf, for example 5m of RG-62. Some typical cables: TYPE Z 0 (ohm) C(pF/M) diameter(mm) RG-58 53 94.4 5.0 RG-62 93 44.3 6.2 RG-63 125 32.8 10.3

4.  We need low capacitance cables for the preamp inputs  5 m, RG-62, 93   We should not forget shielding of the preamps.  We need the same 20 MHz clock to all the integrators  Ideally, the spin flip should be synchronized with the clock  We may want the spin flip signal (“MPS”) in advance of the flip.  If we ground signals in the hall AND in the electronics cage we have to be sure we don’t get bad line noise. It’s easy to float one end, but is it allowed?  We need to test the actual noise early, with the full set-up and DAQ pattern. Issues to make sure we address November, 2008

5. 800 MHz 20 p.e. per event x 2500 50,000 e per event 6.4  A 6.4 V VME digital signal integrator 1 M  I-V to DAQ in shieldingoutside hall Nature of the Current Mode Signals for Qweak shot noise:

6. Comparison of noise levels for Qweak Type of noise Charge quantum (e) Spectral density Noise in 500 Hz BW (1 ms integral) Noise in 50 kHz BW (VME input) Beam-on shot noise 50,000320 7200  V rms 72 mV rms LED test shot noise 250072 1600  V rms 16 mV rms Battery test shot noise 11.4 31  V rms 310  V rms preamp noise 0.5 11  V rms 110  V rms integrator noise 1.3 29  V rms 290  V rms 800 MHz event rate 20 p.e. per electron event PMT gain 2500 to give 6.4  A 1 M  preamp (6.4 volts to integrator) Electronic noise is small compared to counting statistics. The current source test would reach 10 -9 (one ppb) in a day.

7. TRIUMF VME integrator details FPGA FPGA Prog/ Debug Ports VME Module Select Switches Status LEDs VME Access Ext Clock Enb Ext Gate Enb Ext NIM Gate Ext NIM Clock DC-DC Converter ADC 8 inputs filter

8.  8 channels, each takes a -10 to +10 volt signal.  Module triggered by external NIM signal (e.g. MPS)  Integrates for the selected time (up to 1/30 second)  Stores sum as 1,2,3, or 4 blocks plus the total sum  All modules are clocked by the same 20 MHz clock so all are exactly synched  Internally, 18-bit ADC runs at up to 500 ksps  50 kHz sharp-cutoff analog anti-aliasing filter precedes ADC Simple description of VME Integrator August, 2008

9. Offset adjust Chan 1 Chan 2 Out IN Chan 1 gain Chan 2 gain +5 V DC 4 2 1 0.5 1 2 4 MM MM Location of adjustments on TRIUMF MK2 “main”-style preamp:

10. Offset adjust Chan 1 Chan 2 Out IN Chan 1 gain Chan 2 gain +5 V DC 50 25 1 0.5 1 25 50 MM MM Location of adjustments on TRIUMF MK2 “lumi”-style preamp:

11.  Two channels per module  Four switch-selectable gain settings.  For Qweak main preamp V out /I in = 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 megohm  Output ±10 V. Adjustable ±2 V offset. Drives 130 m RG-213  Noise referred to output = 0.5 with 5m of RG-62 on input  Power: 5 VDC Ground fully isolated by internal DC-DC converter.  BNC connectors for input and output. Simple description of TRIUMF preamp August, 2008

12. END

13. Existing Ion Source Signals Integration triggered by MPS signals derived from 20 MHz crystal clock Qweak integrator uses this clock as well

14. Averaging of Digitization Noise (we don’t want the analog bandwidth too low) The 18 bit ADCs have ~0.5 LSB rms noise per sample. This is reduced by averaging ~500 samples per integration. This will only work if raw signal spreads over enough channels. Assuming equivalent noise bandwidth 47 kHz (f 3db = 30 kHz) and 18 bit ADC at mid range: condition Q rms noise before channels channels (e) integration (  ) (FWHM) beam ON 50,000 69 mV 1420 3339 best possible 1 0.31 mV 6.3 15  So this is OK even for very quiet signals.  Averaging makes integral equivalent to about 21 bits

15. Aliasing

16. sample at the center of each interval (n samples) Q = (sum of samples) x (  t) band limit signal to small fraction of sampling frequency to eliminate the wiggles and kinks. we impose an analog cutoff at 1/10 the sampling frequency Integral From Samples (we want the analog bandwidth low)

17. Main VME registers August, 2008 Sample Frequency = system clock / (PERIOD_MULT + 40) 0 ≤ PERIOD_MULT ≤ 255 Number of Blocks per integral (1,2,3, or 4) Samples per Block : 1 ≤ SAMPLE_PER_BLOCK ≤ 16383 Gate to Trigger Delay = 2.5  s + (sample period x GATE_DELAY) 0 ≤ GATE_DELAY ≤ 255 Gate Source: 0=internal, 1=external System Clock Source: 0=internal, 1=external Internal Gate Frequency = (100 kHz) / (INT_GATE_FREQ) 1 ≤ INT_GATE_FREQ ≤ 65535 Individual block sums and total sum for each channel Firmware Revision Date: REV_DATE always shows the release date of the current firmware revision running in the module

18.  Quasi-differential isolated BNC connectors – 100 k  from BNC outer conductor to ground.  Input range -10 V to +10 V. Input impedance 12 K .  Eight integrators per single width VME module.  Module clocked by 20 MHz signal from ion source. Sampling rate set as a fraction of the clock. Range 68 ksps to 500 ksps with 20 MHz clock.  Integration time software selectable – set as a fixed number of samples. (e.g. 2000 samples = 4 ms at 500 ksps)  Module gated by external NIM signal (e.g. MPS). Integration starts a selected time (gate-to-trigger delay) after the leading edge of the gate and runs for preset number of samples.  32 bit overall sum available to the DAQ via VME bus. This sum can be divided into 1,2,3, or 4 sub- blocks (time intervals) as selected through VME. At full scale, the sum fills up in 1/30 s at 500 ksps.  Internal gate and internal 20 MHz clock provided for testing.  50 kHz, 5-pole anti-aliasing filter  18 bit ADC, sample rate up to 500 ksps  Buffered output permits reading previous integral during integration.  Crate power 0.5 A at +12 V and 1.0 A at +5 V Short description of VME Integrator August, 2008

19. Firmware Running Modes Integration starts at the preset time (set via VME) after the gate. We have tried three modes: 1.No conversion until gate received. 2.Continuous conversion – integration starts at next sample period. 3.Continuous conversion, but timing is re-synched on each gate. We noticed, for 4 ms integrals, 500 ksps, and 4 x 1 ms blocks: Mode 1 – first block in four block integral was low (~25 mV). Mode 2 – no difference in blocks, but phase of two modules could differ by half a sample period (1  s at our 500 ksps). Mode 3 – initially seemed to solve both problems, but with long runs, detected small residual block difference (1.5  V with 500-sample blocks). Neither the block offset or small time offset can affect the asymmetry Nevertheless, it looks like we can eliminate both by using scheme 3 with sufficient gate-to-trigger delay.

20. time current 3.6 pA (0.6 ppm p-p) ( ppm) 6  A helicity - + - + - + - Size of Q weak Signal figure shows regular spin flip; in practice use + - - + or - + + - for 50 kHz noise bandwidth, rms shot noise is 70 nA on a scope the noise band would be  100,000 x the signal !

21. TRIUMF VME integrator solder side:component side:

22. VME Integrator Front End Full-differential Quasi-differential

23. Offset adjust Chan 1 Chan 2 Out IN Chan 1 gain Chan 2 gain +5 V DC Location of adjustments on TRIUMF SNS preamp:

24. To open the preamp for adjustment, remove the hex nuts from the OUTPUT side and remove the black screws from the INPUT side. The rotary gain switches are used to select gain of 10k, 100k, 1M, or 10M. Turn the switch counter-clockwise to increase the gain. The offset is set for 1.0 volts when shipped, but can be changed with the offset adjust pot. Changing gains and offset on the TRIUMF SNS preamp increase gain

25. Signal loss at start of spin states  If polarization has not settled by start of integration, some signal is lost  In the case of the above (+ - - +) quartet, more (+) is lost than (-)  For the parity signal itself, this is only a small part of an already small signal and is likely OK  In the case of helicity correlated current or position it may be a problem ++ --

26. E497 DAQ Sequence for One Spin State

28. 150 M  I to V Amplifier

29. sample at the sides of each interval (n+1 samples) Q = (average of first and last samples plus sum of others) x (  t) band limit signal to small fraction of sampling frequency to eliminate the wiggles and kinks. we impose an analog cutoff at 1/10 the sampling frequency Integral From Samples (trapezoidal rule)

30. Shot Noise Recap one-sided shot noise, [A 2 ] equivalent noise bandwidth [Hz] or charge quantum [C] current [A] Example, 1 ms integration with beam on, assuming 800 MHz: Q = 50,000 e I = 6.4  A (800 MHz x 50,000 e) B = 500 Hz i n = 7.2 nA rms (7.2 mV with a 1 M  preamp) Note that in 1 ms, N = 8 x 10 5 counts. = 1120 ppm, same as 7.2 nA/6.4  A