1. Nonverbal Communication: Proxemics and use of Space

2. Overview of Proxemics  The study of humankind’s “perception and use of space.” (Edward T. Hall)  All human beings learn hundreds of rules and cues about space as they grow up based on their culture.  Most people don’t think about space as being culturally patterned.  Foreign spacial rules are often misinterpreted and can lead to bad feelings

3. Invisible boundaries (Bubbles)  Every living thing has physical boundary, and every living thing is surrounded by a series of invisible boundaries.  The invisible boundaries start at the edge of the physical boundary and progress outward.  More difficult to see than the physical boundary because they are invisible but just as real.

4. Invisible Boundaries (Bubbles)  Each person’s invisible bubble of space expands and contracts. Size depends on…  Their relationship to those around them  Their emotional state  Their cultural background  The activity they are performing  In nothern Europe (Germany and Scandinavia): people’s bubbles are quite large. As one moves south (France, Italy, Greece, and Spain), the bubbles become increasingly smaller.

5. Contact vs. Non-contact Cultures  Contact Cultures  More immediacy  People stand closer together  A lot of physical contact when communicating  Non-contact Cultures  Less immediacy  People tend to stand apart  Touch less or not at all when communicating

6. Contact vs. Non-contact Cultures  Contact groups:  Arabs : Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria  Latin Americans : Bolivia, Cuba, Equador, El Salvador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela  Southern Europeans : France, Italy, Greece, Turkey  Moderate contact : India and Pakistan

7. Contact vs. Non-contact Cultures  Non-Contact Groups:  South-East Asians : China, Indonesia, Japan, Thailand, Philippines  Northern Europeans : Austria, England, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Scotland  North Americans : United States, Canada

8. Zones of Interaction  Edward T. Hall, in his book The Silent Language, wrote that white middle-class American use four different interaction zones.  Distances people try to keep between themselves and others at different occasions.  Four Zones of Interaction  1 st Zone: Intimate Distance  2 nd Zone: Personal Distance  3 rd Zone: Social Distance  4 th Zone: Public Distance

9. Zones of Interaction  1 st Zoe: Intimate Distance  From physical contact (touching) to about 45 cm  Adults usually do not publicly use this zone unless they are in a crowded elevator, bus, or similar situation.  2 nd Zone: Personal Distance  From 45 cm to 120 cm  This distance is used at parties when two or three people are talking together.  If they want to talk about something more personal, they will move closer together.

10. Zones of Interaction  3 rd Zone: Social Distance  From 120 cm to 4 m  This distance is often used for doing business and for talking with strangers  4 th Zone: Public Distance  From 4 m to the limit of our voice and hearing  This distance is rarely used by most people  Generally only used by people such as teachers, politicians, public speakers etc.

11. Possible Communication Failure  Different cultures set distinctive norms for closeness (for example in speaking, business, and courting), and that standing too close or too far away can lead to misunderstandings.  Not knowing the correct distances for particular kinds of communication can result in partial or complete communication failure.

12. Escalator Space  Men reacted more to the person standing immediately behind them than women did (i.e. just one step behind with the hands reaching forward on the rail so as to be visible to the person ahead (Vrukt & Kerkstra, 1984).  Women seem to prefer to act as if they do not notice anything, so that unwanted contact can be avoided. Men make it clear in their reactions that they do not appreciate such rapprochement ahead (Vrukt & Kerkstra, 1984).

13. Parking Space  A study of more than 400 drivers at an Atlanta-area shopping mall parking lot found that motorists defend their spots instinctively (AP, 1997)  “It’s not your paranoid imagination after all: People exiting parking spaces really do leave more slowly when you’re waiting for the spot…. It’s called territorial behavior…” (AP, 1997)

14. Library Seating Space  Regardless of an “invader’s” gender, men already seated at an otherwise unoccupied table view opposite-sitting invaders most negatively while already seated women view adjacent invaders most negatively (Fisher and Byrne, 1975)