1. Police: Agents of Law and Order
Chapter 4
Introduction to Criminal Justice 2003:
A Microsoft® PowerPoint® Tool
Slides prepared by:
Larry Bassi
SUNY Brockport
© 2002 Wadsworth Publishing Co.

2. Early English Police: The Tithing System
Families banded together for protection.
People raised the “hue and cry” to warn others of trouble and to pursue criminals.
Tithings were formed (10 families).
Ten tithings banded together to form a hundred supervised by a constable.
Hundreds banded together to form shires supervised by the shire reeve.

3. The Watch System: 13th Century
More formal than the pledge system.
Employed watchmen to protect property against fire and robbery.
Justice of the peace established and given judicial duties.
Constables served as assistants to justices of the peace.

4. 18th Century English Policing
Industrial revolution takes place and crime dramatically increases.
London experiments with different kinds of policing.
In 1829, the Metropolitan Police Act (MPA) is passed in Parliament while Sir Robert Peel is home secretary.
The MPA creates the first organized police force of over 1,000 men.

5. Fundamental Principles of the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829

6. The Three Eras of American Policing

7. 19th Century American Policing
Development of police agencies prompted by mob violence.
Gentry feared restlessness of the underclass.
Gin became a major substance abuse problem.
Fear of urban street crime produced demands for greater police protection.

8. 19th Century American Policing
Police were incompetent, disliked and corrupt.
Primary functions were to:
serve as enforcement powers for reigning political powers
protect private property
control the rising number of foreign immigrants

9. 20th Century American Policing
Major movements in policing:
Technological advancements
telegraph boxes, motorcycles and police cars
Local, state and federal crime commissions
Public concern about police corruption led to reform efforts

10. POLICE PROFESSIONALISM 20th Century Reform
The first professional police organization, International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) was formed in It was the leading voice in police reform during the first two decades of the twentieth century.

11. Professional Model of Policing
A style of policing advocated by August Vollmer and O.W.Wilson that emphasizes:
Centralized police organizations
Increased use of technology
Limitation of police discretion through regulations and guidelines

12. Policing in the 1970s Emphasis on good police-community relationships.
Federal assistance to local and state agencies to fight the war on crime.
Recruitment and promotion of women and minorities increased.

13. Municipal Police Have majority of personnel NYPD is largest
Large & small departments have same functions
Average cost per officer per year is about $63,000

14. County Law Enforcement
Either the County Sheriff’s Department (most common) or County Police Department
Responsible for:
law enforcement
local corrections (jail)
civil law authority
court-related duties

15. The Functions of Sheriffs’ and Local Police Departments

16. State Police Agencies
Texas Rangers was one of the first state agencies formed.
Responsible for:
Highway safety
Law enforcement in various areas
Technical support to other agencies

17. Federal Law Enforcement
Numerous agencies, found in a variety of departments of federal government.
No single agency has unlimited jurisdiction.
Most agencies have primarily investigative functions.
Function of each agency is determined by specific laws.

18. U. S. Department of Justice
Headed by the U. S. Attorney General and is empowered to:
enforce all federal laws
represent the U.S. in court actions
conduct independent investigations through its law enforcement services, e.g. FBI, DEA, U.S. Marshals

19. U.S. Treasury Department
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
Controls sale of untaxed liquor and cigarettes and illegal sales, importation & criminal misuses of firearms and explosives.
Internal Revenue Service
Enforces violations of income, excise, stamp and other tax laws. Often involved with a variety of types of crimes from a tax “point of view.”

20. U.S. Treasury Department
U.S. Customs Service
Guards points of entry into the U.S. and prevents smuggling of contraband into and out of the country.
U. S. Secret Service
Enforces laws against counterfeiting
Protects the President, VP and others
Maintains the White House Police Force

21. Private Policing and Security
Hallcrest Report
By the year 2000, there will be 750,000 contract guards and 410,000 proprietary security forces
Recommendations:
upgrade employee quality
create statewide regulatory bodies
mandatory personnel training
transferring some police functions

22. The Rise of Private Security in the United States

23. Why the Security Industry Has Grown
An increase in fear on the part of the public combined with a growing crime rate
Problems of crime in the work place
Budget cuts in states and cities that have resulted in few officers on the streets
A new perception of private security services as cost effective protection measures

24. What Police Do Provide Enforce Laws Services Preserve Prevent the
Peace
Prevent
Crime

25. The Changing Role of Police
Decentralization of some police services and increased sensitivity to community needs.
Increased use
of civilians
in various positions.
Increased need to
be fiscally responsible.
New kinds of law to
enforce and crimes
to investigate.

26. Discretionary Behavior
Police judgement is necessary in many situations that they face.
While some guidance can be provided to them
through standard operating procedures, general and
specific orders, it is impossible to predict all the variables
that may need to be analyzed before deciding on a course of action.

27. In general, courts have recognized that a patrol officer is in a unique position to be allowed discretionary powers:

28. The Causes and Consequences of High-Speed Pursuits

29. Domestic Disturbances and Discretion
Minneapolis Experiment
(slide 1 of 2)
1. Experiment where police response to
minor domestic disturbances was
randomly determined. Possible
responses were:
Arrest
Mediate
Separate domestic partners

30. Domestic Disturbances and Discretion
Minneapolis Experiment
(slide 2 of 2)
2. Findings:
Arrested persons were 50% less likely to repeat behavior than those not arrested.
. Replication studies did not not necessarily find the same results. In some cases, arrested suspects become more likely to repeat.

31. Figure 4.8 Limiting Police Discretion: Mandatory Arrest for Domestic Violence

32. Guided Discretion - Providing options
National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges have
provided a Model State Code to guide police officers in cases of
domestic violence. The Code suggests that police take all reasonable
means to protect the victim and prevent further violence including:
Confiscating any weapon involved in the violence
Making sure that victims and children are transported to a shelter including taking them
Assisting the victim in removing any personal items from the residence
Assisting the victim in getting medical assistance including if necessary, transporting them to help
Giving the victim immediate and comprehensive information of their rights and possible remedies

33. Gun Control Controversies Does gun control reduce gun crime?
Is gun control a form of unconstitutional control over citizens
Are guns a part of our cultures?

34. The Use of Firearms in Murder and Nonnegligent Homicide