1. Chapter 4 Criminal Justice in the New Millennium: Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Cyber Crime

2. Contemporary Challenges of the Criminal Justice System  Emerging forms of criminal activity pose a significant threat to society  Terrorism  Cyber Crime  New threats are evolving in both complexity and seriousness.  At the same time the system must continue its efforts to control traditional crimes.

3. Terrorism  Defined as premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents.  International terrorism involves citizens or the territory of more than one country.  Terrorist group is any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism.

4. Terrorism (cont.)  Edmond Burke coined the term terror to describe the French Revolution (reign of terror).  After the Russian Revolution Lenin and Trotsky made terror an instrument of state policy.  Terror has been identified with the civil war in Ireland.  IRA (Irish Republican Army) considered to be the model for most contemporary terrorist organizations.  No single personality trait or behavior pattern distinguishes the majority of terrorists

5. Terrorism (cont.)  Psychological View of Terrorists  Behavior is result of mental illness rather than political motives.  This view is controversial and critics suggest it is incorrect, that the stress of being a terrorist causes the mental disorders and not visa versa.  Socialization View of Terrorists  Believe they have been victimized by an oppressor and are taught to hate them.  Group may serve as substitute family for those who grew up in dysfunctional families.

6. Terrorism (cont.)  Political/Religious/Social View  Terrorists begin as members of minority groups angered by position of helplessness  Feel their only option is to resort to violence to effect change.  Alienation View  Motivated by feelings of alienation and failure to successfully compete in a post-technological society.

7. Terrorism (cont.)  Contemporary View of Terrorists  Have diverse motives and sponsors.  Rather than purely political goals, many are motivated by religious and cultural values.  Violence is a divine duty.  Organized in far-flung nets or cells without a unified central command.  Target the economic infra-structure.

8. Homeland Security: The Criminal Justice Response to Terrorism  After the 9-11 attacks agencies began to focus on combating terrorism.  National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States was created to investigate system failures and create a comprehensive plan to prevent future attacks.  Resulted in organizational changes and creation of a Director of National Intelligence.

9. Homeland Security (cont.)  Federal law enforcement agencies were realigned to combat terrorism.  Federal Bureau of Investigation’s priority was shifted to protection from terrorist attacks.  Other agencies were reorganized and given directives to coordinate their efforts.  National Counterterrorism Center was established.

10. Homeland Security (cont.)  Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a cabinet-level agency responsible for:  Preventing terrorist attacks within the United States  Reducing America’s vulnerability to terrorism  Minimizing the damage and recovering from attacks that do occur.

11. Homeland Security (cont.)  DHS Divisions:  Border and Transportation Security  Emergency Preparedness and Response  Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Countermeasures  Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection

12. Homeland Security (cont.)  Intelligence Gathering Agencies:  Federal Bureau of Investigation  Defense Intelligence Agency  National Security Agency  National Reconnaissance Office  Air Force, Army, Navy, and Marine Corps Intelligence  Coast Guard Intelligence

13. Homeland Security (cont.)  Intelligence Gathering Agencies (cont.):  State Department’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research  Department of Energy  Department of Treasury  Department of Homeland Security  Central Intelligence Agency  National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (formerly the National Imagery and Mapping Agency)

14. Homeland Security (cont.)  State and Local Efforts  Creation of homeland security positions.  Increased intelligence capabilities  Participation on joint task forces and other cooperative programs

15. The Law and Terrorism  USA Patriot Act, Oct. 2001  New powers to domestic law enforcement and international intelligence agencies  Expand definition of terrorism  Expanded authority to deport non-citizens.  Expansion of traditional tools  Wiretaps  Search warrants  Pen/trap orders  Subpoenas

16. The Law and Terrorism (cont.)  Civil rights and the Patriot Act  Libertarians view the law as eroding civil rights.  Fear the act may be used to investigate those engaged in reasonable political dissent.  Concerns over attempts to further expand police powers in future legislation.

17. The Law and Terrorism (cont.)  Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act  Requires communications equipment to be manufactured so police can identify the caller and intercept the communication.  Requires service providers to provide caller identification and intercepted communications to police.  Prohibits notifying the customer of surveillance.

18. Cyber Crimes  May present the most important challenge for law enforcement in the 21 st Century.  It is rapidly evolving with new schemes created daily.  It is difficult to detect through traditional methods.  Its control requires agencies to develop technical skills which match those of the perpetrators.  Information technology has become the key element in economic systems and is responsible for their globalization.

19. Cyber Crimes (cont.)  Types of Computer Attacks:  Virus  Trojan horse  Salami slice  Super-zapping  Logic bomb

20. Cyber Crimes (cont.)  The extent of computer crime each year is unknown as many offenses go unreported.  Direct financial losses exceed 140 million dollars  Software piracy exceeds 30 billion dollars  Denial of service attacks are increasing.

21. Cyber Crimes (cont.)  Types of Internet Crime  Distributing Illegal Sexual Material  Denial of Service Attack  Illegal Copyright Infringement  Security Fraud  Identify Theft  Ponzi/Pyramid Schemes  Non Delivery of Goods/services

22. Cyber Crimes (cont.)  Cyber-Terrorism.  Premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against non combatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents.  Rapid evolution of technology and proliferation of cyber crimes has created the need for new laws.

23. Cyber Crimes (cont.)  Enforcing Cyber Laws.  Most efforts are at the federal level using existing agencies.  Specialized enforcement agencies have been created to combine the resources of state and local agencies to address the issue.  Private Security Efforts