1. The Nationalist Period, 1848 - 1870: The Unification Movements AP European History Androstic2012-2013

2. Overview Bound by commonalities and a sense of belonging (speech, culture, history, ethnicity) Bound by commonalities and a sense of belonging (speech, culture, history, ethnicity) Governments realized that they needed to harness these energies Governments realized that they needed to harness these energies Aims of 1848 now somewhat realized Aims of 1848 now somewhat realized Governments will lead nationalist pushes Governments will lead nationalist pushes Drive out minorities Drive out minorities Topics Topics Crimean War Crimean War Second French Empire Second French Empire Italian Unification Italian Unification German Unification German Unification Austria Austria Russia Russia Study Guide – Section 63, #1, Palmer pg. 515-516

3. Crimean War

4. 2. What significance was the Crimean War for European national movements? How did the major European powers become involved in the dispute that broke out between Russia and Turkey in 1853? Study Guide – Section 63, Palmer pg. 519-520

5. Crimean War (1854-1856) Caused by Russia's continued drive to the south France, the UK, & Austria fear Russian expansion Study Guide – Section 63, #2, Palmer pg. 519-520

7. A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred… The Charge of the Light Brigade

8. “The Lady with the Lamp” Florence Nightengale

9. Treaty of Paris, 1856 All pledged to uphold Ottoman Turkey Romania and Serbia though were to become independent Russia lost influence & territory

10. France

11. 1. Discuss political institutions and political life in the Second Empire. Study Guide – Section 62, Palmer pg. 512-513

12. 2. Describe French economic growth under Napoleon III. Study Guide – Section 62, Palmer pg. 513-514

13. 3. What caused the ruin and downfall of the Second Empire? Study Guide – Section 62, Palmer pg. 515-516

14. France President Louis-Napoleon Emperor Napoleon III

15. Second Empire Politics Populist and authoritarian ruler Built modern Paris – Burned during 1848 Economics Credit Mobilier Suez Canal Industrial Growth Foreign Policy Mexican Empire Colonies Avenue des Gobelins and the Panthéon, Paris Study Guide – Section 62, #3, Palmer pg. 515-516 Study Guide – Section 62, #2, Palmer pg. 513-514 Study Guide – Section 62, #1, Palmer pg. 512-513

16. Italy

17. Unification of Italy

18. 1. Describe the state of political affairs in Italy in the 1850s. How did Piedmont differ from the other Italian states? Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 521

19. Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”] Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont

20. 2. What role had Mazzini played? What had happened in 1848 to the unification movement? Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 521

21. 3. How did Cavour unify Italy? Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 522-525

22. Italian Unification Giuseppe Mazzini Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi “Heart”“Brains”“Sword” Study Guide – Section 64, #3, Palmer pg. 522-525

23. Pope Pius IX: The Spoiler? Study Guide – Section 64, #3, Palmer pg. 522-525

24. Austro-Sardinian War, 1859 Study Guide – Section 64, #3, Palmer pg. 522-525

25. 4. What was the status of unification in 1861? How was it eventually completed? Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 523

26. Garibaldi & the Red Shirts unite with Piedmont-Sardinia, 1861 Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523

27. Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Italy, sides with Austria Annexes Venetia Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523

28. Unified Peninsula A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot. Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523

29. French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 Kingdom of Italy, 1871 Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523

30. Germany

31. German Unification

32. Zollverein, 1834

33. 1. What were the lessons for national unification seen in the failure of Frankfurt Assembly? Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 526

34. 2. Explain Bismarck’s political outlook and describe the nature and outcome of his dispute with the liberals in the Prussian parliament. What was the meaning of his famous “blood and iron” statement? Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 527

35. Otto von Bismarck “Iron” Chancellor of Prussia and German Empire Study Guide – Section 65, #2, Palmer pg. 527

36. 3. How did Bismarck succeed in ousting Austria from a position of leadership in Germany? Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 528

37. The Danish War, 1864

38. Prussia Austria Austro-Prusian War (Seven Weeks War), 1866 Study Guide – Section 65, #3, Palmer pg. 528

39. North German Confederation, 1867

40. 4. What did Bismarck hope to accomplish by a war with France? How did the Franco-Prussian war start? How did the war affect France? Germany? Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 531-532

41. Franco-Prussian War, 1871 Ems Dispatch Battle of Sedan Quickly occupied Paris and captured Napoleon III Study Guide – Section 65, #4, Palmer pg. 531-532

42. Treaty of Frankfurt, 1871 Second French Empire collapsed and Italians seized Rome France was forced to pay a huge indemnity and was occupied by the Germans until it was paid France had to give up Alsace-Lorraine The German Empire was proclaimed, the Second Reich Study Guide – Section 65, #4, Palmer pg. 531-532

43. German Empire (1871) Kaiser Wilhelm I

44. Austria

45. 5. What were the chief problems confronting the Habsburg empire in the nineteenth century? Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 534-535

46. Austria-Hungary Ethnicities Study Guide – Section 65, #5, Palmer pg. 534-535

47. 6. How effective was the Comprise of 1867 as a solution to the nationalities problem in the Habsburg Empire? Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 535-536

48. Compromise of 1867, Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary (1871) Study Guide – Section 65, #6, Palmer pg. 535-536

49. Russia

50. 1. How did the autocracy in Russia differ from absolutism in the West? Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 537

51. 2. Explain the role of the “intelligentsia” in Russian life. Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 540

52. 3. How did serfdom in Russia before 1861 differ from and resemble American slavery? What did the Act of Emancipation of 1861 accomplish? Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 540-541

53. 4. How did the Russian revolutionists react to the reforms of Alexander II? Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 543-544

54. Russia Tsar Alexander II, Emperor of the Russian Empire Failure in the Crimean War Tsar rules by “ukase” and the secret police Muzhiks – Serfs Intelligensia Sees the need for Reforms Emancipation Act of 1861 Legal Changes Zemstovs Assassinated Study Guide – Section 66, #1-4, Palmer pg. 537-544

55. Tsar Alexander III Reacted harshly to his father's assassination Returned to the repression of the past Pogroms Forced Jewish migration to the Pale

56. Pogroms

57. Summary Every European state tried to use nationalism to support their governments – ex. Crimean War This met with mixed success, as some dissolved, as some unified, or as others became more repressive BUT, THE UNIFICATIONS OF ITALY AND GERMANY UPSET THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE!