1. Machine Programming - Introduction CENG331: Introduction to Computer Systems 5 th Lecture Instructor: Erol Sahin Acknowledgement: Most of the slides are adapted from the ones prepared by R.E. Bryant, D.R. O’Hallaron of Carnegie-Mellon Univ.

2. Machine Programming I: Basics History of Intel processors and architectures C, assembly, machine code Assembly Basics: Registers, operands, move

3. Intel x86 Processors Totally dominate computer market Evolutionary design  Backwards compatible up until 8086, introduced in 1978  Added more features as time goes on Complex instruction set computer (CISC)  Many different instructions with many different formats  But, only small subset encountered with Linux programs  Hard to match performance of Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)  But, Intel has done just that!

4. Intel x86 Evolution: Milestones NameDateTransistorsMHz 8086197829K5-10  First 16-bit processor. Basis for IBM PC & DOS  1MB address space 3861985275K16-33  First 32 bit processor, referred to as IA32  Added “flat addressing”  Capable of running Unix  32-bit Linux/gcc uses no instructions introduced in later models Pentium 4F2005230M2800-3800  First 64-bit processor  Meanwhile, Pentium 4s (Netburst arch.) phased out in favor of “Core” line

5. Intel x86 Processors: Overview X86-64 / EM64t X86-32/IA32 X86-16 8086 286 386 486 Pentium Pentium MMX Pentium III Pentium 4 Pentium 4E Pentium 4F Core 2 Duo Core i7 IA: often redefined as latest Intel architecture time ArchitecturesProcessors MMX SSE SSE2 SSE3 SSE4

6. Intel x86 Processors, contd. Machine Evolution  48619891.9M  Pentium19933.1M  Pentium/MMX19974.5M  PentiumPro19956.5M  Pentium III19998.2M  Pentium 4200142M  Core 2 Duo2006291M Added Features  Instructions to support multimedia operations  Parallel operations on 1, 2, and 4-byte data, both integer & FP  Instructions to enable more efficient conditional operations Linux/GCC Evolution  Very limited

7. More Information Intel processors (Wikipedia)Wikipedia Intel microarchitecturesmicroarchitectures

8. New Species: ia64, then IPF, then Itanium,… NameDateTransistors Itanium200110M  First shot at 64-bit architecture: first called IA64  Radically new instruction set designed for high performance  Can run existing IA32 programs  On-board “x86 engine”  Joint project with Hewlett-Packard Itanium 22002221M  Big performance boost Itanium 2 Dual-Core20061.7B Itanium has not taken off in marketplace  Lack of backward compatibility, no good compiler support, Pentium 4 got too good

9. x86 Clones: Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Historically  AMD has followed just behind Intel  A little bit slower, a lot cheaper Then  Recruited top circuit designers from Digital Equipment Corp. and other downward trending companies  Built Opteron: tough competitor to Pentium 4  Developed x86-64, their own extension to 64 bits Recently  Intel much quicker with dual core design  Intel currently far ahead in performance  em64t backwards compatible to x86-64

10. Intel’s 64-Bit Intel Attempted Radical Shift from IA32 to IA64  Totally different architecture (Itanium)  Executes IA32 code only as legacy  Performance disappointing AMD Stepped in with Evolutionary Solution  x86-64 (now called “AMD64”) Intel Felt Obligated to Focus on IA64  Hard to admit mistake or that AMD is better 2004: Intel Announces EM64T extension to IA32  Extended Memory 64-bit Technology  Almost identical to x86-64! Meanwhile: EM64t well introduced, however, still often not used by OS, programs

11. Our Coverage IA32  The traditional x86 x86-64/EM64T  The emerging standard Presentation  Book has IA32  Handout has x86-64  Lecture will cover both

12. Machine Programming I: Basics History of Intel processors and architectures C, assembly, machine code Assembly Basics: Registers, operands, move

13. Definitions Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): The parts of a processor design that one needs to understand to write assembly code. Microarchitecture: Implementation of the architecture. Instruction Set Architecture examples: instruction set specification, registers. Microarchitecture examples: cache sizes and core frequency. Example ISAs (Intel): x86, IA, IPF

14. CPU Assembly Programmer’s View Programmer-Visible State  PC: Program counter  Address of next instruction  Called “EIP” (IA32) or “RIP” (x86-64)  Register file  Heavily used program data  Condition codes  Store status information about most recent arithmetic operation  Used for conditional branching PC Registers Memory Object Code Program Data OS Data Addresses Data Instructions Stack Condition Codes  Memory  Byte addressable array  Code, user data, (some) OS data  Includes stack used to support procedures

15. text binary Compiler ( gcc -S ) Assembler ( gcc or as ) Linker ( gcc or ld ) C program ( p1.c p2.c ) Asm program ( p1.s p2.s ) Object program ( p1.o p2.o ) Executable program ( p ) Static libraries (.a ) Turning C into Object Code  Code in files p1.c p2.c  Compile with command: gcc -O p1.c p2.c -o p  Use optimizations ( -O )  Put resulting binary in file p

16. Compiling Into Assembly C Code int sum(int x, int y) { int t = x+y; return t; } Generated IA32 Assembly sum: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 12(%ebp),%eax addl 8(%ebp),%eax movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Obtain with command gcc -O -S code.c Produces file code.s Some compilers use single instruction “ leave ”

17. Assembly Characteristics: Data Types “Integer” data of 1, 2, or 4 bytes  Data values  Addresses (untyped pointers) Floating point data of 4, 8, or 10 bytes No aggregate types such as arrays or structures  Just contiguously allocated bytes in memory

18. Assembly Characteristics: Operations Perform arithmetic function on register or memory data Transfer data between memory and register  Load data from memory into register  Store register data into memory Transfer control  Unconditional jumps to/from procedures  Conditional branches

19. Code for sum 0x401040 : 0x55 0x89 0xe5 0x8b 0x45 0x0c 0x03 0x45 0x08 0x89 0xec 0x5d 0xc3 Object Code Assembler  Translates.s into.o  Binary encoding of each instruction  Nearly-complete image of executable code  Missing linkages between code in different files Linker  Resolves references between files  Combines with static run-time libraries  E.g., code for malloc, printf  Some libraries are dynamically linked  Linking occurs when program begins execution Total of 13 bytes Each instruction 1, 2, or 3 bytes Starts at address 0x401040

20. Machine Instruction Example C Code  Add two signed integers Assembly  Add 2 4-byte integers  “Long” words in GCC parlance  Same instruction whether signed or unsigned  Operands: x :Register %eax y :MemoryM[ %ebp+8] t :Register %eax –Return function value in %eax Object Code  3-byte instruction  Stored at address 0x401046 int t = x+y; addl 8(%ebp),%eax 0x401046:03 45 08 Similar to expression: x += y More precisely: int eax; int *ebp; eax += ebp[2]

21. Disassembled 00401040 : 0:55 push %ebp 1:89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 3:8b 45 0c mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 6:03 45 08 add 0x8(%ebp),%eax 9:89 ec mov %ebp,%esp b:5d pop %ebp c:c3 ret d:8d 76 00 lea 0x0(%esi),%esi Disassembling Object Code Disassembler objdump -d p  Useful tool for examining object code  Analyzes bit pattern of series of instructions  Produces approximate rendition of assembly code  Can be run on either a.out (complete executable) or.o file

22. Disassembled 0x401040 :push %ebp 0x401041 :mov %esp,%ebp 0x401043 :mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x401046 :add 0x8(%ebp),%eax 0x401049 :mov %ebp,%esp 0x40104b :pop %ebp 0x40104c :ret 0x40104d :lea 0x0(%esi),%esi Alternate Disassembly Within gdb Debugger gdb p disassemble sum  Disassemble procedure x/13b sum  Examine the 13 bytes starting at sum Object 0x401040: 0x55 0x89 0xe5 0x8b 0x45 0x0c 0x03 0x45 0x08 0x89 0xec 0x5d 0xc3

23. What Can be Disassembled? Anything that can be interpreted as executable code Disassembler examines bytes and reconstructs assembly source % objdump -d WINWORD.EXE WINWORD.EXE: file format pei-i386 No symbols in "WINWORD.EXE". Disassembly of section.text: 30001000 : 30001000:55 push %ebp 30001001:8b ec mov %esp,%ebp 30001003:6a ff push $0xffffffff 30001005:68 90 10 00 30 push $0x30001090 3000100a:68 91 dc 4c 30 push $0x304cdc91

24. Machine Programming I: Basics History of Intel processors and architectures C, assembly, machine code Assembly Basics: Registers, operands, move

25. Integer Registers (IA32) %eax %ecx %edx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp %ax %cx %dx %bx %si %di %sp %bp %ah %ch %dh %bh %al %cl %dl %bl 16-bit virtual registers (backwards compatibility) general purpose accumulate counter data base source index destination index stack pointer base pointer Origin (mostly obsolete)

26. Moving Data: IA32 Moving Data  movx Source, Dest  x in { b, w, l }  movl Source, Dest: Move 4-byte “long word”  movw Source, Dest: Move 2-byte “word”  movb Source, Dest: Move 1-byte “byte” Lots of these in typical code %eax %ecx %edx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp

27. Moving Data: IA32 Moving Data movl Source, Dest: Operand Types  Immediate: Constant integer data  Example: $0x400, $-533  Like C constant, but prefixed with ‘$’  Encoded with 1, 2, or 4 bytes  Register: One of 8 integer registers  Example: %eax, %edx  But %esp and %ebp reserved for special use  Others have special uses for particular instructions  Memory: 4 consecutive bytes of memory at address given by register  Simplest example: (%eax)  Various other “address modes” %eax %ecx %edx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp

28. movl Operand Combinations Cannot do memory-memory transfer with a single instruction movl Imm Reg Mem Reg Mem Reg Mem Reg SourceDestC Analog movl $0x4,%eaxtemp = 0x4; movl $-147,(%eax)*p = -147; movl %eax,%edxtemp2 = temp1; movl %eax,(%edx)*p = temp; movl (%eax),%edxtemp = *p; Src,Dest

29. Simple Memory Addressing Modes Normal(R)Mem[Reg[R]]  Register R specifies memory address movl (%ecx),%eax DisplacementD(R)Mem[Reg[R]+D]  Register R specifies start of memory region  Constant displacement D specifies offset movl 8(%ebp),%edx

30. Using Simple Addressing Modes void swap(int *xp, int *yp) { int t0 = *xp; int t1 = *yp; *xp = t1; *yp = t0; } swap: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp pushl %ebx movl 12(%ebp),%ecx movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl (%ecx),%eax movl (%edx),%ebx movl %eax,(%edx) movl %ebx,(%ecx) movl -4(%ebp),%ebx movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Body Set Up Finish

31. Using Simple Addressing Modes void swap(int *xp, int *yp) { int t0 = *xp; int t1 = *yp; *xp = t1; *yp = t0; } swap: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp pushl %ebx movl 12(%ebp),%ecx movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl (%ecx),%eax movl (%edx),%ebx movl %eax,(%edx) movl %ebx,(%ecx) movl -4(%ebp),%ebx movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Body Set Up Finish

32. Understanding Swap void swap(int *xp, int *yp) { int t0 = *xp; int t1 = *yp; *xp = t1; *yp = t0; } movl 12(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = yp movl 8(%ebp),%edx# edx = xp movl (%ecx),%eax# eax = *yp (t1) movl (%edx),%ebx# ebx = *xp (t0) movl %eax,(%edx)# *xp = eax movl %ebx,(%ecx)# *yp = ebx Stack (in memory) RegisterValue %ecxyp %edxxp %eaxt1 %ebxt0 yp xp Rtn adr Old % ebp %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset Old % ebx -4

33. Understanding Swap movl 12(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = yp movl 8(%ebp),%edx# edx = xp movl (%ecx),%eax# eax = *yp (t1) movl (%edx),%ebx# ebx = *xp (t0) movl %eax,(%edx)# *xp = eax movl %ebx,(%ecx)# *yp = ebx 0x120 0x124 Rtn adr %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset -4 123 456 Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100 yp xp %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp0x104

34. movl 12(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = yp movl 8(%ebp),%edx# edx = xp movl (%ecx),%eax# eax = *yp (t1) movl (%edx),%ebx# ebx = *xp (t0) movl %eax,(%edx)# *xp = eax movl %ebx,(%ecx)# *yp = ebx Understanding Swap 0x120 0x124 Rtn adr %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset -4 123 456 Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100 yp xp %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp0x104 0x120

35. Understanding Swap 0x120 0x124 Rtn adr %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset -4 123 456 Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100 yp xp %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp 0x120 0x104 movl 12(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = yp movl 8(%ebp),%edx# edx = xp movl (%ecx),%eax# eax = *yp (t1) movl (%edx),%ebx# ebx = *xp (t0) movl %eax,(%edx)# *xp = eax movl %ebx,(%ecx)# *yp = ebx 0x124

36. Understanding Swap 0x120 0x124 Rtn adr %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset -4 123 456 Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100 yp xp %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp 0x124 0x120 0x104 movl 12(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = yp movl 8(%ebp),%edx# edx = xp movl (%ecx),%eax# eax = *yp (t1) movl (%edx),%ebx# ebx = *xp (t0) movl %eax,(%edx)# *xp = eax movl %ebx,(%ecx)# *yp = ebx 456

37. Understanding Swap 0x120 0x124 Rtn adr %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset -4 123 456 Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100 yp xp %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp 456 0x124 0x120 0x104 movl 12(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = yp movl 8(%ebp),%edx# edx = xp movl (%ecx),%eax# eax = *yp (t1) movl (%edx),%ebx# ebx = *xp (t0) movl %eax,(%edx)# *xp = eax movl %ebx,(%ecx)# *yp = ebx 123

38. 456 Understanding Swap 0x120 0x124 Rtn adr %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset -4 Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100 yp xp %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp 456 0x124 0x120 123 0x104 movl 12(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = yp movl 8(%ebp),%edx# edx = xp movl (%ecx),%eax# eax = *yp (t1) movl (%edx),%ebx# ebx = *xp (t0) movl %eax,(%edx)# *xp = eax movl %ebx,(%ecx)# *yp = ebx 456 123

39. Understanding Swap 0x120 0x124 Rtn adr %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset -4 456 Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100 yp xp %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp 456 0x124 0x120 0x104 movl 12(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = yp movl 8(%ebp),%edx# edx = xp movl (%ecx),%eax# eax = *yp (t1) movl (%edx),%ebx# ebx = *xp (t0) movl %eax,(%edx)# *xp = eax movl %ebx,(%ecx)# *yp = ebx 123

40. Complete Memory Addressing Modes Most General Form D(Rb,Ri,S)Mem[Reg[Rb]+S*Reg[Ri]+ D]  D: Constant “displacement” 1, 2, or 4 bytes  Rb: Base register: Any of 8 integer registers  Ri:Index register: Any, except for %esp  Unlikely you’d use %ebp, either  S: Scale: 1, 2, 4, or 8 (why these numbers?) Special Cases (Rb,Ri)Mem[Reg[Rb]+Reg[Ri]] D(Rb,Ri)Mem[Reg[Rb]+Reg[Ri]+D] (Rb,Ri,S)Mem[Reg[Rb]+S*Reg[Ri]]

41. Machine Programming – Control structures CENG331: Introduction to Computer Systems 5 th Lecture Instructor: Erol Sahin Acknowledgement: Most of the slides are adapted from the ones prepared by R.E. Bryant, D.R. O’Hallaron of Carnegie-Mellon Univ.

42. Last Time: Machine Programming, Basics History of Intel processors and architectures C, assembly, machine code Assembly (IA32):  Registers  Operands  Move (what’s the l in movl ?) movl $0x4,%eax movl %eax,%edx movl (%eax),%edx %eax %ecx %edx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp

43. Today Complete addressing mode, address computation ( leal) Arithmetic operations x86-64 Control: Condition codes Conditional branches While loops

44. Complete Memory Addressing Modes Most General Form D(Rb,Ri,S)Mem[Reg[Rb]+S*Reg[Ri]+ D]  D: Constant “displacement” 1, 2, or 4 bytes  Rb: Base register: Any of 8 integer registers  Ri:Index register: Any, except for %esp  Unlikely you’d use %ebp, either  S: Scale: 1, 2, 4, or 8 (why these numbers?) Special Cases (Rb,Ri)Mem[Reg[Rb]+Reg[Ri]] D(Rb,Ri)Mem[Reg[Rb]+Reg[Ri]+D] (Rb,Ri,S)Mem[Reg[Rb]+S*Reg[Ri]]

45. Address Computation Examples %edx %ecx 0xf000 0x100 ExpressionAddress ComputationAddress 0x8(%edx)0xf000 + 0x80xf008 (%edx,%ecx)0xf000 + 0x1000xf100 (%edx,%ecx,4)0xf000 + 4*0x1000xf400 0x80(,%edx,2)2*0xf000 + 0x800x1e080 will disappear blackboard?

46. Address Computation Examples %edx %ecx 0xf000 0x100 ExpressionAddress ComputationAddress 0x8(%edx)0xf000 + 0x80xf008 (%edx,%ecx)0xf000 + 0x1000xf100 (%edx,%ecx,4)0xf000 + 4*0x1000xf400 0x80(,%edx,2)2*0xf000 + 0x800x1e080

47. Address Computation Instruction leal Src,Dest  Src is address mode expression  Set Dest to address denoted by expression Uses  Computing addresses without a memory reference  E.g., translation of p = &x[i];  Computing arithmetic expressions of the form x + k*y  k = 1, 2, 4, or 8 Example

48. Today Complete addressing mode, address computation ( leal) Arithmetic operations x86-64 Control: Condition codes Conditional branches While loops

49. Some Arithmetic Operations Two Operand Instructions: FormatComputation addl Src,DestDest = Dest + Src subl Src,DestDest = Dest - Src imull Src,DestDest = Dest * Src sall Src,DestDest = Dest << SrcAlso called shll sarl Src,DestDest = Dest >> SrcArithmetic shrl Src,DestDest = Dest >> SrcLogical xorl Src,DestDest = Dest ^ Src andl Src,DestDest = Dest & Src orl Src,DestDest = Dest | Src No distinction between signed and unsigned int (why?)

50. Some Arithmetic Operations One Operand Instructions incl DestDest = Dest + 1 decl DestDest = Dest - 1 negl DestDest = - Dest notl DestDest = ~ Dest See book for more instructions

51. Using leal for Arithmetic Expressions int arith (int x, int y, int z) { int t1 = x+y; int t2 = z+t1; int t3 = x+4; int t4 = y * 48; int t5 = t3 + t4; int rval = t2 * t5; return rval; } arith: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax movl 12(%ebp),%edx leal (%edx,%eax),%ecx leal (%edx,%edx,2),%edx sall $4,%edx addl 16(%ebp),%ecx leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax imull %ecx,%eax movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Body Set Up Finish

52. Understanding arith int arith (int x, int y, int z) { int t1 = x+y; int t2 = z+t1; int t3 = x+4; int t4 = y * 48; int t5 = t3 + t4; int rval = t2 * t5; return rval; } movl 8(%ebp),%eax# eax = x movl 12(%ebp),%edx# edx = y leal (%edx,%eax),%ecx# ecx = x+y (t1) leal (%edx,%edx,2),%edx# edx = 3*y sall $4,%edx# edx = 48*y (t4) addl 16(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = z+t1 (t2) leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax# eax = 4+t4+x (t5) imull %ecx,%eax# eax = t5*t2 (rval) y x Rtn adr Old % ebp %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset Stack z 16 will disappear blackboard?

53. Understanding arith int arith (int x, int y, int z) { int t1 = x+y; int t2 = z+t1; int t3 = x+4; int t4 = y * 48; int t5 = t3 + t4; int rval = t2 * t5; return rval; } movl 8(%ebp),%eax# eax = x movl 12(%ebp),%edx# edx = y leal (%edx,%eax),%ecx# ecx = x+y (t1) leal (%edx,%edx,2),%edx# edx = 3*y sall $4,%edx# edx = 48*y (t4) addl 16(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = z+t1 (t2) leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax# eax = 4+t4+x (t5) imull %ecx,%eax# eax = t5*t2 (rval) y x Rtn adr Old % ebp %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset Stack z 16

54. Understanding arith int arith (int x, int y, int z) { int t1 = x+y; int t2 = z+t1; int t3 = x+4; int t4 = y * 48; int t5 = t3 + t4; int rval = t2 * t5; return rval; } movl 8(%ebp),%eax# eax = x movl 12(%ebp),%edx# edx = y leal (%edx,%eax),%ecx# ecx = x+y (t1) leal (%edx,%edx,2),%edx# edx = 3*y sall $4,%edx# edx = 48*y (t4) addl 16(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = z+t1 (t2) leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax# eax = 4+t4+x (t5) imull %ecx,%eax# eax = t5*t2 (rval) y x Rtn adr Old % ebp %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset Stack z 16

55. Understanding arith int arith (int x, int y, int z) { int t1 = x+y; int t2 = z+t1; int t3 = x+4; int t4 = y * 48; int t5 = t3 + t4; int rval = t2 * t5; return rval; } movl 8(%ebp),%eax# eax = x movl 12(%ebp),%edx# edx = y leal (%edx,%eax),%ecx# ecx = x+y (t1) leal (%edx,%edx,2),%edx# edx = 3*y sall $4,%edx# edx = 48*y (t4) addl 16(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = z+t1 (t2) leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax# eax = 4+t4+x (t5) imull %ecx,%eax# eax = t5*t2 (rval) y x Rtn adr Old % ebp %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset Stack z 16

56. Understanding arith int arith (int x, int y, int z) { int t1 = x+y; int t2 = z+t1; int t3 = x+4; int t4 = y * 48; int t5 = t3 + t4; int rval = t2 * t5; return rval; } movl 8(%ebp),%eax# eax = x movl 12(%ebp),%edx# edx = y leal (%edx,%eax),%ecx# ecx = x+y (t1) leal (%edx,%edx,2),%edx# edx = 3*y sall $4,%edx# edx = 48*y (t4) addl 16(%ebp),%ecx# ecx = z+t1 (t2) leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax# eax = 4+t4+x (t5) imull %ecx,%eax# eax = t5*t2 (rval) y x Rtn adr Old % ebp %ebp 0 4 8 12 Offset Stack z 16

57. Another Example int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } logical: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax xorl 12(%ebp),%eax sarl $17,%eax andl $8185,%eax movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Body Set Up Finish movl 8(%ebp),%eax# eax = x xorl 12(%ebp),%eax# eax = x^y sarl $17,%eax# eax = t1>>17 andl $8185,%eax# eax = t2 & 8185

58. Another Example int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } logical: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax xorl 12(%ebp),%eax sarl $17,%eax andl $8185,%eax movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Body Set Up Finish movl 8(%ebp),%eaxeax = x xorl 12(%ebp),%eaxeax = x^y(t1) sarl $17,%eaxeax = t1>>17(t2) andl $8185,%eaxeax = t2 & 8185

59. Another Example int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } logical: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax xorl 12(%ebp),%eax sarl $17,%eax andl $8185,%eax movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Body Set Up Finish movl 8(%ebp),%eaxeax = x xorl 12(%ebp),%eaxeax = x^y(t1) sarl $17,%eaxeax = t1>>17(t2) andl $8185,%eaxeax = t2 & 8185

60. Another Example int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } logical: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax xorl 12(%ebp),%eax sarl $17,%eax andl $8185,%eax movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Body Set Up Finish movl 8(%ebp),%eaxeax = x xorl 12(%ebp),%eaxeax = x^y(t1) sarl $17,%eaxeax = t1>>17(t2) andl $8185,%eaxeax = t2 & 8185 2 13 = 8192, 2 13 – 7 = 8185

61. Today Complete addressing mode, address computation ( leal) Arithmetic operations x86-64 Control: Condition codes Conditional branches While loops

62. Data Representations: IA32 + x86-64 Sizes of C Objects (in Bytes) C Data TypeTypical 32-bitIntel IA32x86-64  unsigned444  int444  long int448  char111  short222  float444  double888  long double810/1216  char *448 Or any other pointer

63. %rax %rbx %rcx %rdx %rsi %rdi %rsp %rbp x86-64 Integer Registers  Extend existing registers. Add 8 new ones.  Make %ebp / %rbp general purpose %eax %ebx %ecx %edx %esi %edi %esp %ebp %r8 %r9 %r10 %r11 %r12 %r13 %r14 %r15 %r8d %r9d %r10d %r11d %r12d %r13d %r14d %r15d

64. Instructions Long word l (4 Bytes) ↔ Quad word q (8 Bytes) New instructions:  movl → movq  addl → addq  sall → salq  etc. 32-bit instructions that generate 32-bit results  Set higher order bits of destination register to 0  Example: addl

65. Swap in 32-bit Mode void swap(int *xp, int *yp) { int t0 = *xp; int t1 = *yp; *xp = t1; *yp = t0; } swap: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp pushl %ebx movl 12(%ebp),%ecx movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl (%ecx),%eax movl (%edx),%ebx movl %eax,(%edx) movl %ebx,(%ecx) movl -4(%ebp),%ebx movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Body Setup Finish

66. Swap in 64-bit Mode Operands passed in registers (why useful?)  First ( xp ) in %rdi, second ( yp ) in %rsi  64-bit pointers No stack operations required 32-bit data  Data held in registers %eax and %edx  movl operation void swap(int *xp, int *yp) { int t0 = *xp; int t1 = *yp; *xp = t1; *yp = t0; } swap: movl(%rdi), %edx movl(%rsi), %eax movl%eax, (%rdi) movl%edx, (%rsi) retq

67. Swap Long Ints in 64-bit Mode 64-bit data  Data held in registers %rax and %rdx  movq operation  “q” stands for quad-word void swap_l (long int *xp, long int *yp) { long int t0 = *xp; long int t1 = *yp; *xp = t1; *yp = t0; } swap_l: movq(%rdi), %rdx movq(%rsi), %rax movq%rax, (%rdi) movq%rdx, (%rsi) retq

68. Today Complete addressing mode, address computation ( leal) Arithmetic operations x86-64 Control: Condition codes Conditional branches While loops

69. Processor State (IA32, Partial) Information about currently executing program  Temporary data ( %eax, … )  Location of runtime stack ( %ebp,%esp )  Location of current code control point ( %eip, … )  Status of recent tests ( CF,ZF,SF,OF ) %eip General purpose registers Current stack top Current stack frame Instruction pointer CFZFSFOF Condition codes %eax %ecx %edx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp

70. Condition Codes (Implicit Setting) Single bit registers CF Carry Flag (for unsigned) SF Sign Flag (for signed) ZF Zero Flag OF Overflow Flag (for signed) Implicitly set (think of it as side effect) by arithmetic operations Example: addl/addq Src,Dest ↔ t = a+b  CF set if carry out from most significant bit (unsigned overflow)  ZF set if t == 0  SF set if t < 0 (as signed)  OF set if two’s complement (signed) overflow (a>0 && b>0 && t =0) Not set by lea instruction Full documentation Full documentation (IA32), link also on course website

71. Condition Codes (Explicit Setting: Compare) Explicit Setting by Compare Instruction cmpl/cmpq Src2,Src1 cmpl b,a like computing a-b without setting destination  CF set if carry out from most significant bit (used for unsigned comparisons)  ZF set if a == b  SF set if (a-b) < 0 (as signed)  OF set if two’s complement (signed) overflow (a>0 && b 0 && (a-b)>0)

72. Condition Codes (Explicit Setting: Test) Explicit Setting by Test instruction testl/testq Src2,Src1 testl b,a like computing a&b without setting destination  Sets condition codes based on value of Src1 & Src2  Useful to have one of the operands be a mask  ZF set when a&b == 0  SF set when a&b < 0

73. Reading Condition Codes SetX Instructions  Set single byte based on combinations of condition codes SetXConditionDescription seteZF Equal / Zero setne~ZF Not Equal / Not Zero setsSF Negative setns~SF Nonnegative setg~(SF^OF)&~ZF Greater (Signed) setge~(SF^OF) Greater or Equal (Signed) setl(SF^OF) Less (Signed) setle(SF^OF)|ZF Less or Equal (Signed) seta~CF&~ZF Above (unsigned) setbCF Below (unsigned)

74. Reading Condition Codes Less (Signed) Setl = (SF^OF) OFSF SF^OF 00 0 No overflow, sign bit is correct 01 1 10 1 Overflow, sign bit is reversed 11 0 SF set if (a-b) < 0 (as signed) OF set if two’s complement (signed) overflow (a>0 && b 0 && (a-b)>0)

75. Reading Condition Codes SetX Instructions  Set single byte based on combinations of condition codes SetXConditionDescription seteZF Equal / Zero setne~ZF Not Equal / Not Zero setsSF Negative setns~SF Nonnegative setg~(SF^OF)&~ZF Greater (Signed) setge~(SF^OF) Greater or Equal (Signed) setl(SF^OF) Less (Signed) setle(SF^OF)|ZF Less or Equal (Signed) seta~CF&~ZF Above (unsigned) setbCF Below (unsigned)

76. Reading Condition Codes (Cont.) SetX Instructions: Set single byte based on combination of condition codes One of 8 addressable byte registers  Does not alter remaining 3 bytes  Typically use movzbl to finish job int gt (int x, int y) { return x > y; } movl 12(%ebp),%eax# eax = y cmpl %eax,8(%ebp)# Compare x : y setg %al# al = x > y movzbl %al,%eax# Zero rest of %eax Body %eax %ecx %edx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp %al%ah %cl%ch %dl%dh %bl%bh Will disappear Blackboard?

77. Reading Condition Codes (Cont.) SetX Instructions: Set single byte based on combination of condition codes One of 8 addressable byte registers  Does not alter remaining 3 bytes  Typically use movzbl to finish job int gt (int x, int y) { return x > y; } movl 12(%ebp),%eax# eax = y cmpl %eax,8(%ebp)# Compare x and y setg %al# al = x > y movzbl %al,%eax# Zero rest of %eax Note inverted ordering! Body %eax %ecx %edx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp %al%ah %cl%ch %dl%dh %bl%bh

78. Reading Condition Codes: x86-64 int gt (long x, long y) { return x > y; } xorl %eax, %eax# eax = 0 cmpq %rsi, %rdi# Compare x and y setg %al# al = x > y Body (same for both) long lgt (long x, long y) { return x > y; } SetX Instructions: Set single byte based on combination of condition codes Does not alter remaining 3 bytes Will disappear Blackboard?

79. Reading Condition Codes: x86-64 int gt (long x, long y) { return x > y; } xorl %eax, %eax# eax = 0 cmpq %rsi, %rdi# Compare x and y setg %al# al = x > y Body (same for both) long lgt (long x, long y) { return x > y; } Is %rax zero? Yes: 32-bit instructions set high order 32 bits to 0! SetX Instructions: Set single byte based on combination of condition codes Does not alter remaining 3 bytes

80. Jumping jX Instructions  Jump to different part of code depending on condition codes jXArg.ConditionDescription jmpLabel1 Direct jump jmp*Operand1 Indirect jump jeLabelZF Equal / Zero jneLabel~ZF Not Equal / Not Zero jsLabelSF Negative jnsLabel~SF Nonnegative jgLabel~(SF^OF)&~ZF Greater (Signed) jgeLabel~(SF^OF) Greater or Equal (Signed) jlLabel(SF^OF) Less (Signed) jleLabel(SF^OF)|ZF Less or Equal (Signed) jaLabel~CF&~ZF Above (unsigned) jbLabelCF Below (unsigned)

81. Direct and indirect jumps jmp Label  Label is the address of the instruction to be executed next jmp *Operand  jmp *%eax  Use the value in %eax as the jump address  jmp *(%eax)  Read the jump target from memory using the value in %eax as the address