1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation Transparencies Image and Math Focus Bank Bellringers Standardized Test Prep CNN Videos Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Table of Contents Section 1 Elements Section 2 Compounds Section 3 Mixtures Chapter 4

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Elements Bellringer Refer to Figure 4 in your book for help answering the following questions: What do gold, iron, and aluminum have in common? What do oxygen, neon, and sulfur have in common? How is silicon different from aluminum or oxygen? Chapter 4

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 1 Elements Objectives Describe pure substances. Describe the characteristics of elements, and give examples. Explain how elements can be identified. Classify elements according to their properties. Chapter 4

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Elements Elements, the Simplest Substances An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. Only One Type of Particle A substance in which there is only one type of particle is a pure substance. Elements are made of particles called atoms. Chapter 4

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Elements Properties of Elements Each element can be identified by its unique set of properties. An element may share a property with another element, but other properties can help you tell the elements apart. Identifying Elements by Their Properties Elements can be identified by using their physical properties and their chemical properties. Chapter 4

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Elements Classifying Elements by Their Properties Categories of Elements Three major categories are: Metals are shiny, and they conduct heat energy and electric current. Nonmetals conduct heat and electricity poorly. Metalloids have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Chapter 4

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Elements Classifying Elements by Their Properties, continued Categories Are Similar By knowing the category to which an unfamiliar element belongs, you can predict some of its properties. The next slide show examples and properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Chapter 4

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Elements Chapter 4

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Compounds Bellringer The word compound refers to something that consists of two or more parts. How might you make a compound using elements? What are some compounds that you know? Write your answer in your science journal. Chapter 4

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Compounds Objectives Explain how elements make up compounds. Describe the properties of compounds. Explain how a compound can be broken down into its elements. Give examples of common compounds. Chapter 4

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Compounds Compounds: Made of Elements A compound is a pure substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined. Elements combine by reacting with one another (for example- sodium and chloride form the compound NaCl or salt). A particle of a compound is a called a molecule. Molecules of compounds are formed when atoms of two or more elements join together. Chapter 4

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Compounds Compounds: Made of Elements The Ratio of Elements in a Compound Elements join in a specific ratio according to their masses to form a compound. For example, every sample of water has a 1:8 mass ratio of hydrogen and oxygen. Chapter 4

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Compounds Properties of Compounds Each compound can be identified by its physical and chemical properties. Properties: Compounds Versus Elements A compound has properties that differ from those of the elements that form it. Chapter 4

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Compounds Breaking Down Compounds Compounds can be broken down into their elements or into simpler compounds by chemical changes. Methods of Breaking Down Compounds Sometimes, energy is needed for a chemical change to happen. Two ways to add energy are to apply heat and to apply an electric current. Chapter 4

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Compounds Compounds in Your World Compounds in Nature Some compounds found in nature are proteins, carbon dioxide, and carbohydrates. Compounds in Industry Some compounds must be broken down for use in industry. Other compounds, are made in industry for use as medicines, food preservatives, and synthetic fabrics. Chapter 4

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Bellringer When you add sugar to coffee, tea, iced tea, or lemonade, the sugar disappears. What do you think happens to the sugar? Write your answer in your science journal. Chapter 4

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Objectives Describe three properties of mixtures. Describe four methods of separating the parts of a mixture. Analyze a solution in terms of its solute and solvent. Chapter 4

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Objectives, continued Explain how concentration affects a solution. Describe the particles in a suspension. Explain how a colloid differs from a solution and a suspension. Chapter 4

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Properties of Mixtures A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. No Chemical Changes in a Mixture No chemical changes happen when a mixture is made. So, each substance has the same chemical makeup it had before the mixture was formed. Chapter 4

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Properties of Mixtures, continued Separating Mixtures Through Physical Methods Mixtures can be separated by using physical changes. Physical changes do not change the identities of the substances. The next slide shows some common ways to separate mixtures by using physical changes. Chapter 4

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Chapter 4

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Properties of Mixtures, continued The Ratio of Components in a Mixture The components of a mixture do not need to be mixed in a definite ratio. For example, granite is a mixture of three minerals. Different ratios of the minerals give granite different colors, but the mixture is always called granite. Chapter 4

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Solutions A solution is a mixture that appears to be a single substance. The process in which particles of substances separate and spread evenly throughout a mixture is known as dissolving. In a solution, the solute is the substance that is dissolved. The solvent is the substance in which the solute is dissolved. Chapter 4

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Solutions, continued Examples of Solutions Liquid solutions include soft drinks, gasoline, and tap water. Solutions may also be gases, such as air. Solutions may also be solids, such as steel. Alloys are solid solutions of metals or nonmetals dissolved in metals. Chapter 4

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Chapter 4 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Solutions, continued Particles in Solutions The particles in solutions are so small that they never settle out. They also cannot be removed by filtering. The particles in solutions are so small that they don’t even scatter light. Chapter 4

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Concentrations of Solutions A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent is concentration. Concentrated or Dilute? Solutions can be described as being concentrated or diluted. But these two terms do not tell you the amount of solute that is dissolved. The next slide shows how to calculate concentration. Chapter 4

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Chapter 4

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Concentrations of Solutions, continued Solubility is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent at a certain temperature. The solubility of most solids in water increases with temperature. The graph on the next slide shows this relationship. Chapter 4

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Chapter 4

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Concentrations of Solutions, continued Dissolving Gases in Liquids Gases become less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised. Dissolving Solids Faster in Liquids Three ways to make a solute dissolve faster are (1) mixing the solution, (2) heating the solution, and (3) crushing the solute into smaller particles. Chapter 4

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Suspensions A suspension is a mixture in which particles of a material are dispersed throughout a liquid or a gas but are large enough that they settle out (example- stirring sand in water). The particles in a suspension are large enough to scatter or block light. A suspension can be separated by passing it through a filter. Chapter 4

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Colloids A colloid is a mixture in which the particles are dispersed throughout but are not heavy enough to settle out. (example- milk or butter) Particles in a colloid are large enough to scatter light. A colloid cannot be separated by passing it through a filter. Chapter 4

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. Chapter 4 Concept Map mixture colloid filter element suspension solution compound

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Chapter 4

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Chapter 4

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu End of Chapter 4 Show

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 1 In 1912, the Titanic was the largest ship ever to set sail. This majestic ship was considered to be unsinkable. Yet, on April 15, 1912, the Titanic hit a large iceberg. The resulting damage caused the Titanic to sink, killing 1,500 of its passengers and crew. How could an iceberg destroy the 2.5 cm thick steel plates that made up the Titanic’s hull? Continued on the next slide Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 1, continued Analysis of a recovered piece of steel showed that the steel contained large amounts of sulfur. Sulfur is a normal component of steel. However, the recovered piece has much more sulfur than today’s steel does. The excess sulfur may have made the steel brittle, much like glass. Scientists suspect that this brittle steel may have cracked on impact with the iceberg, allowing water to enter the hull. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In this passage, what does the word brittle mean? A likely to break or crack B very strong C clear and easily seen through D lightweight Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In this passage, what does the word brittle mean? A likely to break or crack B very strong C clear and easily seen through D lightweight Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. What is the main idea of the second paragraph of this passage? F The Titanic’s hull was 2.5 cm thick. G The steel in the Titanic’s hull may have been brittle. H The large amount of sulfur in the Titanic’s hull may be responsible for the hull’s cracking. I Scientists were able to recover a piece of steel from the Titanic’s hull. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. What is the main idea of the second paragraph of this passage? F The Titanic’s hull was 2.5 cm thick. G The steel in the Titanic’s hull may have been brittle. H The large amount of sulfur in the Titanic’s hull may be responsible for the hull’s cracking. I Scientists were able to recover a piece of steel from the Titanic’s hull. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. What was the Titanic thought to be in 1912? A the fastest ship afloat B the smallest ship to set sail C a ship not capable of being sunk D the most luxurious ship to set sail Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. What was the Titanic thought to be in 1912? A the fastest ship afloat B the smallest ship to set sail C a ship not capable of being sunk D the most luxurious ship to set sail Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2 Perfume making is an ancient art. It was practiced by the ancient Egyptians, who rubbed their bodies with a substance made by soaking fragrant woods and resins in water and oil. Ancient Israelites also practiced the art of perfume making. This art was also known to the early Chinese, Arabs, Greeks, and Romans. Continued on the next slide Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2, continued Over time, perfume making has developed into a fine art. A good perfume may contain more than 100 ingredients. The most familiar ingredients come from fragrant plants, such as sandalwood or roses. These plants get their pleasant odor from essential oils, which are stored in tiny, baglike parts called sacs. The parts of plants that are used for perfumes include the flowers, roots, and leaves. Other perfume ingredients come from animals and from human-made chemicals. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 1. How did ancient Egyptians make perfume? A by using 100 different ingredients B by soaking woods and resins in water and oil C by using plants or flowers D by making tiny, baglike parts called sacs Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. How did ancient Egyptians make perfume? A by using 100 different ingredients B by soaking woods and resins in water and oil C by using plants or flowers D by making tiny, baglike parts called sacs Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. What is the main idea of the second paragraph? F Perfume making hasn’t changed since ancient Egypt. G The ancient art of perfume making has been replaced by simple science. H Perfume making is a complex procedure involving many ingredients. I Natural ingredients are no longer used in perfume. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. What is the main idea of the second paragraph? F Perfume making hasn’t changed since ancient Egypt. G The ancient art of perfume making has been replaced by simple science. H Perfume making is a complex procedure involving many ingredients. I Natural ingredients are no longer used in perfume. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. How are good perfumes made? A from plant oils only B by combining one or two ingredients C according to early Chinese formulas D by blending as many as 100 ingredients Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. How are good perfumes made? A from plant oils only B by combining one or two ingredients C according to early Chinese formulas D by blending as many as 100 ingredients Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics The graph below was constructed from data collected during a laboratory investigation. Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Which of the following values is the amount of sodium nitrate that can dissolve in 100 mL of water at 40°C? A 0 g B 40 g C 80 g D 100 g Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Which of the following values is the amount of sodium nitrate that can dissolve in 100 mL of water at 40°C? A 0 g B 40 g C 80 g D 100 g Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. How many grams of sodium chloride can dissolve in 100 mL of water at 60°C? F 40 g G 80 g H 125 g I 160 g Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. How many grams of sodium chloride can dissolve in 100 mL of water at 60°C? F 40 g G 80 g H 125 g I 160 g Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. At what temperature will 80 g of potassium bromide completely dissolve in 100 mL of water? A approximately 20°C B approximately 42°C C approximately 88°C D approximately 100°C Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. At what temperature will 80 g of potassium bromide completely dissolve in 100 mL of water? A approximately 20°C B approximately 42°C C approximately 88°C D approximately 100°C Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. At 20°C, which solid is the most soluble? F sodium chloride G sodium chlorate H potassium bromide I sodium nitrate Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. At 20°C, which solid is the most soluble? F sodium chloride G sodium chlorate H potassium bromide I sodium nitrate Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Math Read each question, and choose the best answer. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. What is the perimeter of the rectangle shown below? A 12 cm B 18 cm C 36 cm D 72 cm Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 12 cm 6 cm

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. What is the perimeter of the rectangle shown below? A 12 cm B 18 cm C 36 cm D 72 cm Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 12 cm 6 cm

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. If the length of all the sides of the rectangle shown below were doubled, what would be the area of the larger rectangle? F 36 cm 2 G 72 cm 2 H 144 cm 2 I 288 cm 2 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 12 cm 6 cm

70. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. If the length of all the sides of the rectangle shown below were doubled, what would be the area of the larger rectangle? F 36 cm 2 G 72 cm 2 H 144 cm 2 I 288 cm 2 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 12 cm 6 cm

71. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. One way to calculate the concentration of a solution is to divide the grams of solute by the milliliters of solvent. What is the concentration of a solution that is made by dissolving 65 g of sugar (the solute) in 500 mL of water (the solvent)? A 0.13 gmL B 0.13 g/mL C 7.7 gmL D 7.7 g/mL Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

72. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. One way to calculate the concentration of a solution is to divide the grams of solute by the milliliters of solvent. What is the concentration of a solution that is made by dissolving 65 g of sugar (the solute) in 500 mL of water (the solvent)? A 0.13 gmL B 0.13 g/mL C 7.7 gmL D 7.7 g/mL Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

73. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. If 16/n  1/2, what is the value of n? F 2 G 8 H 16 I 32 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

74. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. If 16/n  1/2, what is the value of n? F 2 G 8 H 16 I 32 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

75. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Elements Chapter 4

76. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Chapter 4

77. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Chapter 4

78. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

79. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Mixtures Chapter 4