1. Skeletal System Alyssa Brief, Emma Gil, Emily Kesselmeyer bone dance

2. Support- bones are the framework of the bodySupport- bones are the framework of the body Protection- protects our organs, reducing the risk of injury (ribcage protects heart, skull protects brain)Protection- protects our organs, reducing the risk of injury (ribcage protects heart, skull protects brain) Movement assistance- skeletal muscles are attached to the boneMovement assistance- skeletal muscles are attached to the bone Material storage- bone tissue stores calcium and phosphorus, which the bone releases into the bloodMaterial storage- bone tissue stores calcium and phosphorus, which the bone releases into the blood Blood Cell Production- blood cells produced in red bone marrowBlood Cell Production- blood cells produced in red bone marrow Energy storage- with age, red bone marrow turns to yellow bone marrow, which consists of adipose cells. We know that fat is used for energy storage.Energy storage- with age, red bone marrow turns to yellow bone marrow, which consists of adipose cells. We know that fat is used for energy storage. Functions of Bones:

3. Axial vs. Appendicular Skeletons Axial skeleton –Form the vertical axis of the body –Protection is a main function Skull ribcage

4.  Appendicular Skeleton  Bones that connect to the axis  Made for ACTION, not protection Located in the shoulder Arm Hand Pelvis Thigh Leg foot

5. Ossification tissue formation  Synthesis of bone from cartilage  Intramembranous ossification – transformation of embryo cells into bones  Endochandral ossification – gradual replacement of cartilage by bone during development

6. Example: Forming of skull in infants At birth, the skull is not yet fully formed The sutures slowly obtain minerals and harden, joining the skull bones together The spaces where the skull doesn’t touch are called the fontanelles You may hear someone refer to this as the baby’s “soft spot”

7. The Long Bone’s connected to the.. oLonger than it is wide oConsists of long shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses) oOuter part=compact bone oInner part=spongy bone that contains red bone marrow oExamples: femur, tibia, and fibula of leg; humerus, radius, and ulna of arm; phalanges of fingers/toes oFunctin: SUPPORT and MOBILITY

8. Joint Articulation: Joints are classified by how they move Function: Connect bone to bone Types of Joints Suture: don’t have wide range of movement, but allow for growth. (skull) Hinge: allow for movement in one plane, like a door hinge (elbow and knee) Ball and Socket: greatest range of motion, body part can rotate in full circle (shoulder and hip) Gliding: 2 flat surfaced bones that slide over one another, limited movement (wrist and foot)

9. What Type of Joint??

10. Osteoporosis a disease where low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue occur. This increases the likelihood of fractures throughout the body.

11. Risk Factors: –Smoking –Alcohol abuse –Certain medications such as steroid medications –Certain diseases and conditions such as anorexia, and rheumatoid arthritis –Low sex hormones Low estrogen levels in women, including menopauseLow estrogen levels in women, including menopause Missing periods (amenorrhea)Missing periods (amenorrhea) Low levels of testosterone and estrogen in menLow levels of testosterone and estrogen in men –Diet Low calcium intakeLow calcium intake Low vitamin D intakeLow vitamin D intake Excessive intake of protein, sodium and caffeineExcessive intake of protein, sodium and caffeine –Being female –Old age –Family history –Being small and thin –Certain race and ethnicities –History of broken bones –Inactive lifestyle

12. Symptoms: Most people do not realize they have the disease until they break a bone. Someone with osteoporosis can fracture a bone from a minor fall.Most people do not realize they have the disease until they break a bone. Someone with osteoporosis can fracture a bone from a minor fall. Vertebral (spinal) fractures may initially be felt or seen as severe back pain, loss of height, or spinal deformities. Often, a vertebral fracture can occur without pain.Vertebral (spinal) fractures may initially be felt or seen as severe back pain, loss of height, or spinal deformities. Often, a vertebral fracture can occur without pain. Menopause makes women very susceptible to Osteoporosis.Menopause makes women very susceptible to Osteoporosis.

13. Treatments:  Antiresorptive Medications –Bisphosphonates Alendronate and alendronate plus vitamin D3 (brand names Fosamax® and Fosamax plus D Alendronate and alendronate plus vitamin D3 (brand names Fosamax® and Fosamax plus D Ibandronate (brand name Boniva®) Ibandronate (brand name Boniva®) Risedronate and risedronate with calcium (brand names Actonel® and Actonel® with Calcium). Risedronate and risedronate with calcium (brand names Actonel® and Actonel® with Calcium). Zoledronic Acid (brand name Reclast®). Zoledronic Acid (brand name Reclast®).  Other Antiresorptive Medications Calcitonin (brand names Fortical® and Miacalcin®). Calcitonin (brand names Fortical® and Miacalcin®). Estrogen (multiple brand names available). Estrogen (multiple brand names available). Estrogen Agonists/Antagonists also known as Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) –Raloxifene (brand name Evista®). Estrogen Agonists/Antagonists also known as Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) –Raloxifene (brand name Evista®).  Bone Forming (Anabolic) Medications Parathyroid Hormone –Teriparatide (brand name - Forteo®). Parathyroid Hormone –Teriparatide (brand name - Forteo®).

14. Scoliosis: Lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine.

15. Causes: –85% of scoliosis cases have an unknown cause. –The other 15% of cases fall into two groups: Nonstructural (functional): a temporary condition when the spine is otherwise normal. The curvature occurs as the result of another problem.Nonstructural (functional): a temporary condition when the spine is otherwise normal. The curvature occurs as the result of another problem. Structural: the spine is not normal. The curvature is caused by another disease process such as a birth defect, muscular dystrophy, metabolic or connective tissue disorders.Structural: the spine is not normal. The curvature is caused by another disease process such as a birth defect, muscular dystrophy, metabolic or connective tissue disorders.

16. Symptoms:  Shoulders are different heights—one shoulder blade is more prominent than the other  Head is not centered directly above the pelvis  Appearance of a raised, prominent hip  Rib cages are at different heights  Uneven waist  Changes in look or texture of skin overlying the spine (dimples, hairy patches, color changes)  Leaning of entire body to one side

17. Treatment: Three main treatment procedures: 1. Observation 2. Orthopaedic bracing 3. Surgery Dance

18. Skeletal Dysplasia:  Latin for “bad growth,” dysplasia is a medical condition were tissue is abnormally developed. A person with skeletal dysplasia will have abnormal sized arms, legs, spine, or even skull.  There is no true cause of dysplasia, however genetic abnormalities and mutations play a big part in the diagnosis.  There is no cure for this disease, however doctors and therapists help patients cope with their illness.

19. Effects: Tiffany GeigalTiffany Geigal was born with Spinal Thoracic Dysplasia. Simply, the bones in her spine just did not grow. The disease targeted her spine and the rest of her body developed regularly. Tiffany Geigal

21. Connections:  The skeletal system gives the body a structure and frame, which allows the muscles and tissue to stay where they belong instead of in a blob.  The attachment of the skeleton to muscles allows the movement of your arms and legs. This would not be possible without the muscular skeletal connections.  Bones act as a protective shell for many of our internal organs. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs The hip bone and thigh bones protect the bowels, vitals and other large arteries that located in the inside of the legs. The skull protects your brain and main arteries.  Bones tissue supplies blood cells to allow circulation and to help the immune system

23. Current Research: In Pakistan, Safdar Khan is using an MRI based technique to identify strain distributions in a model of intervertebral disc degeneration in an effort to discover what causes spinal deformities. In Pakistan, Safdar Khan is using an MRI based technique to identify strain distributions in a model of intervertebral disc degeneration in an effort to discover what causes spinal deformities. His research can help cure scoliosis. His research can help cure scoliosis. He received $10,000 of funding for his study He received $10,000 of funding for his study