1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case M I C R O B I O L O G Y a n i n t r o d u c t i o n ninth edition TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE Part B 19 Disorders Associated with the Immune System

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Timeline of HIV Chimpanzee to Human Jump *Zoonosis Adult Male dies of AIDS symptoms in Republic of Congo HIV brought from Africa to Haiti St. Louis teen dies with AIDS symptoms HIV brought from Haiti to US Norwegian Sailor dies with AIDS symptoms -Sexual Revolution (Straight and Gay) -Increase in Heroin use -Blood transfusions HIV had spread to N & S America, Europe, Africa and Australia *undiagnosed Outbreak of Kaposi’s Sarcoma in NY in young gay men (8 cases, March) Rare pneumonia (June) HIV found in other groups and in UK (December) -HIV discovered as cause -AIDS name assigned to symptoms of HIV infection Origin of HIV genetically found in Southern Cameroon, Africa

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Figure 19.12a

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HIV Infection Figure 19.12b

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HIV Infection Figure 13.19

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HIV Infection in T cells Figure 19.13

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HIV Infection in Macrophages Figure 19.14

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Stages of HIV Infection  Category A: Asymptomatic or persistent lymphadenopathy  Category B: Persistent Candida albicans infections  Category C: Clinical AIDS. CMV, TB, Pneumocystis, toxoplasmosis, and Kaposi's sarcoma

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Stages of HIV Infection Figure 19.15

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Progression of HIV Infection

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some Common Diseases Associated with AIDS Table 19.5

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diagnostic Methods  Seroconversion takes up to three months.  HIV antibodies detected by ELISA.  HIV antigens detected by Western blotting.

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HIV Transmission  HIV survives 6 hours outside a cell  Infected body fluids transmit HIV via  Sexual contact  Breast milk  Transplacental infection of fetus  Blood-contaminated needles  Organ transplants  Artificial insemination  Blood transfusion

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Modes of HIV Transmission Figure 19.17

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings AIDS Worldwide Figure 19.16

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings AIDS Worldwide

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clades  HIV-1 is the most common. It has 11 clades:  90% of U.S. infections caused by clade B.  Clade C predominates in sub-Saharan African.  Clades B, C, and E are in south and southeast Asia.  HIV-2 is seen in western Africa.

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prevention of AIDS  Use of condoms and sterile needles.  Health care workers use Universal Precautions  Wear gloves, gowns, masks, and goggles.  Do not recap needles.  Risk of infection from infected needlestick injury is 0.3%.

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vaccine Difficulties  Mutations  Clades  Antibody-binding sites “hidden”  Proviruses  Latent viruses