1. Testing Wireless Devices and Systems Session 1: Introduction 9-July-2012 Fanny Mlinarsky octoScope, Inc. 1

2. Contents Evolution of wireless technology Test challenges Test applications 2

3. Wireless capacity / throughput 19701980199020002010 First cell phones GSM CDMA 802.11a/b/g 802.16e LTE Increasing throughput and capacity WCDMA/HSxPA 2G 3G 4G IEEE 802 Brief History of Wireless TACS AMPS NMT IS-54 IS-136 GPRS Analog G = generation LTE-A 802.11n/ac 5G Key wireless technologies 2015 3

4. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) OFDM is the most robust signaling scheme for a hostile wireless channel – Works well in the presence of multipath thanks to multi-tone signaling and cyclic prefix (aka guard interval) OFDM is used in all new wireless standards, including – 802.11a, g and draft 802.11ac, ad – 802.16d,e; 802.22 – DVB-T, DVB-H, DAB LTE is the first 3GPP standard to adopt OFDM Multiple orthogonal carriers FrequencyVoltage 4 DVB = digital video broadcasting DVB-T = DVB terrestrial DVB-H = DVB handheld DAB = digital audio broadcasting LTE = long term evolution

5. FDMA vs. OFDMA OFDMA is more frequency efficient than traditional FDMA – Orthogonal subcarriers require no guard bands FDMAOFDMA Channel Guard band 5

6. OFDMA Time Frequency allocation per user is constant vs. time Frequency per user is dynamically allocated vs. time slots User 1User 2User 3User 4User 5 Time OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDMA = orthogonal frequency division multiple access 6 LTE Resource Block (RB)

7. LTE Resource Block 7 1 slot, 0.5 ms 1 subcarrier (15 kHz) Resource Element 1 subcarrier QPSK: 2 bits 16 QAM: 4 bits 64 QAM: 6 bits Resource block 12 subcarriers Time Subcarrier (frequency) … … … … v A resource block (RB) is a basic unit of access allocation. RB bandwidth per slot (0.5 ms) is 12 subcarriers times 15 kHz/subcarrier equal to 180 kHz.

8. Multiple Antenna Techniques SISO (Single Input Single Output) Traditional radio MISO (Multiple Input Single Output) Transmit diversity (STBC, SFBC, CDD) SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) Receive diversity, MRC MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) SM to transmit multiple streams simultaneously; can be used in conjunction with CDD; works best in high SNR environments and channels de-correlated by multipath TX and RX diversity, used independently or together; used to enhance throughput in the presence of adverse channel conditions Beamforming SM = spatial multiplexing SFBC = space frequency block coding STBC = space time block coding CDD = cyclic delay diversity MRC = maximal ratio combining SM = Spatial Multiplexing SNR = signal to noise ratio 8

9. MIMO vs. SISO Throughput 9 Vendor 1 Vendor 2 MIMO = multiple input multiple output SISO = single input single output Measured by octoScope

10. 20 MHz Channel40 MHz Channel 1 stream2 streams3 streams4 streams1 stream2 streams3 streams4 streams Data Rate, in Mbps 802.11b 2.4 GHz 1, 2, 5.5, 11 802.11a 5 GHz 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 802.11g 2.4 GHz 1, 2, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 802.11n 2.4 and 5 GHz 6.5, 13, 19.5, 26, 39, 52, 58.5, 65 13, 26, 39, 52, 78, 104, 117, 130 19.5, 39, 58.5, 78, 117, 156, 175.5, 195 26, 52, 78, 104, 156, 208, 234, 260 13.5, 27, 40.5, 54, 81, 108, 121.5, 135 27, 54, 81, 108, 162, 216, 243, 270 40.5, 81, 121.5, 162, 243, 324, 364.5, 405 54, 108, 162, 216, 324, 432, 486, 540 802.11n, SGI enabled 2.4 and 5 GHz 7.2, 14.4, 21.7, 28.9, 43.3, 57.8, 65, 72.2 14.4, 28.9, 43.3, 57.8, 86.7, 115.6, 130, 144.4 21.7, 43.3, 65, 86.7, 130, 173.3, 195, 216.7 28.9, 57.8, 86.7, 115.6, 173.3, 231.1, 260, 288.9 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 270, 300 45, 90, 135, 180, 270, 360, 405, 450 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, 480, 540, 600 IEEE 802.11a,b,g,n Data Rates SGI = short guard interval 10

11. 802.11ac – Next Generation Wi-Fi Up to 6.9 Gbps of PHY data rate Higher order MIMO (> 4x4) 8 spatial streams Multi-user (MU) MIMO – Up to 4 users; up to 4 streams per user Higher bandwidth channels (20, 40, 80, 80+80 and 160 MHz) 11 MU-MIMO Multiple beamformed streams in the same channel

12. Wireless Topologies 2G/3G/LTE and most Wi-Fi networks are infrastructure based Mesh networks (e.g. 802.11s) are sometimes used to interconnect APs or base stations to the central carrier or corporate network or to the internet With the spread of LTE, the trend is towards smaller base stations and smaller cells interconnected via microwave (sometimes Wi-Fi) mesh networks Wireless backhaul is starting to displace traditional expensive fiber or copper cabling Mesh networkInfrastructure network Small 2G/3G/LTE base stations are interconnected via microwave links. AP = access point LTE = long term evolution 12

13. Wireless Protocols and Applications 13 LTE, Wi-Fi,... EPC IMS Internet IMS = IP multimedia subsystem EPC = evolved packet core LTE = long term evolution Voice, video,...

14. Contents Evolution of wireless technology Test challenges Test applications 14

15. Many Things To Test 15

16. Lots of Knobs 16

17. Wireless Test Standards of Note 2G/3G/LTEWi-FiData transportApplicationsSmart Grid 3GPP RAN5 →ETSI →PTCRB/GCF (conformance, interoperability) CTIA (TIS/TRP MIMO-OTA SAR) Wi-Fi Alliance (WMM, WPA, etc.) IEEE 802.11.2 (range, throughput, latency) IETF RFC 2285, 2544, 2889 (packet loss, latency, jitter) ITU-T Voice Quality P.800 (MOS); P.862 (PESQ); G.107 (R- Factor) IETF video quality RFC 4445 (MDI MLR, DF) NIST SEP 2 interoperability 17 3GPP = 3 rd generation partnership project RAN = radio access network IETF = internet engineering task force RFC = request for comments GCF = global certification forum ITU = international telecommunication union ETSI = European Telecommunications Standards Institute CTIA = cellular telecommunications internet association TIS = total isotropic sensitivity TRP = total radiated power MIMO = multiple input multiple output OTA = over the air SAR = specific absorption ratio WMM = wireless multimedia WPA = wireless protected access NIST = national institute of standard and technology SEP = smart energy profile MOS = mean opinion score PESQ = perceptual speech quality measure R-Factor = rating factor MDI = Media Delivery Index MLR = media loss rate DF = delay factor

18. MIMO/OTA Test Standards 3GPP (International) – MIMO/OTA specification development – RAN WG4 in collaboration with CTIA & COST CTIA (US) – SISO OTA certification standard – MIMO/OTA Sub-Working Group (MOSG) is driving effort to update current standard SISO TIS/TRP standard COST (Europe) – ICT COST IC1004 Action: “Cooperative Radio Communications for Green Smart Environments”; Formerly COST 2100 Action: “Pervasive Mobile & Ambient Wireless Communications” – Contributions driven by SWG2.2: “Compact Antenna Systems for Terminals” MIMO = multiple input multiple output OTA = over the air 3GPP = 3 rd generation partnership project CTIA = cellular telecommunications industry association COST = European Cooperation in Science and Technology

19. 3GPP Groups RAN1-4 develop the functionality standards RAN4 feeds RAN5 RF group with test requirements RAN1 feeds RAN5 RF group through RAN4 RAN2 feeds RAN5 Signaling group with test requirements ETSI develops TTCN code per RAN5 standards and makes code available as open source Test equipment manufacturers are active contributors to the TTCN effort TTCN makes signaling certification uniform; RF certification is different among test equipment vendors RAN1 TX/RX DSP RAN4 RF and channel RAN2 Signaling RAN5 Signaling Cert RAN5 RF Cert ETSI (TTCN) GCF PTCRB Test Equipment eNB emulators Now working on LTE-A 3GPP = 3 rd generation partnership project RAN = radio access network GCF = global certification forum ETSI = European Telecommunications Standards Institute TTCN = Testing and Test Control Notation 19

20. SEP 2 Architecture SEP 2 was selected in 2009 by the NIST as a standard profile for smart energy Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP) sets guidelines for smart grid testing and certification programs. 20 SEP = smart energy profile NIST = national institute of standards and technology IP layer Smart Grid application 1 … … Radio technologies Applications The interoperability test spec is targeted to be completed in Q4-2012 www.homeplug.org www.wi-fi.org www.zigbee.org

21. Contents Evolution of wireless technology Test challenges Test applications 21

22. Test Applications R&DQAProductionDeployment RX sensitivity TX spectrum Throughput vs. range Adaptive modulation MIMO modes Roaming, handover Mesh algorithms Throughput Delay Packet error rate Test automation Regression testing Conformance Interoperability Regulatory compliance Reproducing field failures Parametric testing - Speed - Coverage - Yields Pre-deployment lab test Field survey Deployment test Monitoring 22

23. Next Session Part II: R&D Test When: July 10 th at 2 p.m. Thank you! Please see more info and white papers at www.octoscope.com www.octoscope.com 23