1. System of Governance of Early States

2.  Early states in Southeast Asia normally start from settlements in river valleys.  Primary reason for consolidation is defense from external aggression.  All early states in Southeast Asia were heavily influenced by Chinese and Hindu cultures.  Hindu culture which influenced the everyday lives of the people prior to the coming of Islam was far greater compared to Chinese.

3.  Following Hindu influence the institution of the “Raja” was a crucial position in the governing structure.  No kingdom exists without a “Raja” and thus the term “Kerajaan”.  Hindu influence again made the “Raja” at the top-most place in administration.  “Raja” as God’s representative on earth – thus the term “Devaraja” or “Dewasakti” etc.

4.  In Thailand, until today, Hindu Brahmins from India performed the religious ceremonies.  “Raja” who had absolute power rationalized their existence through concepts like “daulat”, “durhaka” etc.  The “Raja” played an extremely important role in the administration and governance of the “Kerajaan”.  Under the leadership of a “Raja” an empire can be established – Funan, Champa, Angkor, Srivijaya and Majapahit.

5.  The “Raja” supreme in all matters relating to the economy – taxes, services, labor, trading etc.  “Raja” maintained cordial relationships with local leaders to facilitate administration of the “Kerajaan”.  The appointment of state officials based on lineage – Hindu influence.  In SEA notably the Malay States can find elements in Orang Besar 4, Orang Besar 8, Orang Besar 16, Orang Besar 32 etc.

6.  The legal aspects of governing the “Kerajaan” was also derived from Hindu culture.  Laws were derived from Hindu writings such as the Dharmasutra – for criminal laws.  Hindu influence also dominant in the sphere of language, marriage, dressing etc.  Ruling class had exceptions from the law – to differentiate their “royalty” with those of the “common” people (“rakyat”).