1. 1750-1914 Review

2. The Big Thematic picture  Theme 1: Patterns and effects of interaction  Theme 2: Dynamics of changes and continuity  Theme 3: Effects of technology, economics, demographics  Theme 4: Systems of social structure and gender structure  Theme 5: Cultural, intellectual, and religious developments  Theme 6: Changes in functions and structures of states.

3. Three Things to Remember  Industrialization caused true world-wide interdependence. Intensification of core-periphery concept (i.e. developed European “core” and economically dependent [underdeveloped?] “periphery” in Latin America, Africa, S/SE Asia)  Populations grew and people moved from the country into the cities to work in factories (urbanization – remember the Urban Game).  Women gained some economic opportunities (i.e. change in economic sphere) with the rise of factory work, but they did not gain political or economic parity (i.e. continuity – patriarchy remains).

4. Three more things to Remember  Western culture diffused through Asia and Africa, especially because of imperialism  Rise of the Proletariat as a social force (industrialization creates working class; over time, poor working conditions  Marx’s Das Kapital  vision for communist “Band of Brothers”)  Revolutions (e.g. 18 th c. in N. America, France and Haiti, later 19 th c. in Latin America, etc.) were inspired because of Enlightenment ideals of the social contract and natural rights (which challenged the idea of rule by divine right).

5. The Bookends  1750- beginning of industrialization with the water frame in Manchester England (that peaceful rural village was about to change dramatically…)  1776- First enlightenment revolution (in N. America – you Brits get out! You can keep your damn tea! Hell no I’m not paying taxes! Who’s George III? I didn’t vote for him! “Locke Locke he’s our man…”).  1800’s nationalism and more revolution (esp. in Latin America – what does it mean to be Venezuelan? Remember Mexican “revolution” starts w/Diaz, then stops, only to start again in 1910-1930s – is this something new or the continuation of its independence struggle against an oppressive elite?)  1800’s Imperialism (India, S.E. Asia, Africa ONLY by late late 1800s [Berlin Conf. to partition Africa not until 1884)  1860s Emancipation of serfs and slaves (Russian serfs in 1861 by Alexander II; U.S. slaves [sort of] by Lincoln in 1863 during civil war)  1914 Eve of World War One (Remember the causes! M.A.I.N.)

6. Details- Industrialization  Began in the textile industry of England but soon spread to other industries. Hmm, why England?  Led to a desperate search for raw materials especially cotton, rubber, and “drug foods” (i.e. beginnings of imperialism [colonization on crack as capitalism goes global in search for new markets…]  Industrialized nations wanted competition-free markets for their finished products and deliberately out- maneuvered each other as well as destroying local competing industries to achieve this (this economic competition between European nations would escalate; the tension would build until 1914 – remember the bubbling caldron!).

7. Details- Technology  New technology quickened the pace of life.  Life was regulated by the clock (before, farmers and others had worked according to the natural rhythm of the seasons [dawn to dusk, etc.])  Time was standardized into time zones  Calendar was standardized  Postal systems and telephone and telegraph systems were standardized  Steamships and railroads made trans oceanic and trans-continental transport cheaper and faster.

8. Details- Demography  “Free” wage laborers were more desirable than slave labor. Cheaper and more efficient (over time  “proletarianization” of the global labor system  creates the working class that Marx would write about).  Populations grew as disease was eradicated (germ theory back to antiquity,, but John Snow, “Father of Epidemiology” tracks cholera outbreak to water pump in Birmingham, England in 1854), hygiene improved, and food became cheaper.

9. Details- Gender and Social structures  Emancipation of slaves and serfs- forms a proletariat class in the cities or a poor peasant class in the country (hmmm… think about all those people sitting around growing increasingly frustrated with life; unions, communism and revolution would start to look mighty good in Russia and China by the early 1900s)  Women gained economic opportunities in the factories, but were not paid equally. Middle class women separated themselves from their lower class counterparts by becoming exclusively domestic

10. Details- Cultural and Intellectual expressions  African and Asian influences on European art.  Western intellectual thought- especially science and the enlightenment- were highly influential in Asia and Africa.  Traditional religious teachings continue to be influential and often form the backbone of anti- imperial activities (e.g. Confucian resistance to openness to the West in China; Tokugawa/shinto conservatism in Japan, where else?).

11. Details- Function and Structures of States  Enlightenment said that the government was needed to be responsive to the “people” (at least to educated, property-owning males!)  Some new nation states experimented with democratic ideals (U.S. France, Britain)  Land-based empires (coercive tribute states) continued to enforce absolute rule and resisted enlightenment ideas (e.g. Russian under Romanovs and conservative boyars; Ottomans under Janissaries).  Latin America co-opted (i.e. borrowed) the ideas, but usually just as justification for maintaining Creole power (substituting a new “national” elite for an old colonial one [e.g. Diaz in Mexico, Toussaint in Haiti? Chavez in Venezuela today?]).

12. Core-Periphery Again!  European states- especially Britain, Germany, France and the Netherlands become cores. They conquer colonies  Old Core regions fall to the semi-periphery (China) or the periphery (India and S.E. Asia) as they become suppliers of raw materials or are forced to play by others’ rules (e.g. British “Opium War” in China 1839-1842;  Russia and Japan rise to semi-peripheral regions (esp. after Matthew Perry forces Meji Restoration in Japan in 1853, Alexander II frees the serfs in 1861)  Latin America and Africa remain peripheral areas (continuity)

13. Changes and Continuities  Change: Industrialization changed almost everything- the way people worked, lived, traveled, related to their families and communicated.  Change: rise of the middle class and new governmental structures  Continuity: Religion continues to be a force for conservatism  Continuity: Patriarchal gender structure remains