1. South Korea 45.1 Hong Kong 47.2 Monrovia, Liberia (Africa) 47.6 United States, Asian ancestry 48.7 United States, European ancestry 49.6 United States, African ancestry 50.0 Moscow, Russia 50.8 Height (in Inches) EIGHT-YEAR-OLD GIRLS Brussels, Belgium 49.0 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

2. 80% of obese children become obese adults. Obese children generally have obese parents. Early excessive fat storage leads to overabundance of fat cells. Obese individuals are more responsive to external eating signals. Obese individuals eat faster and chew less. Mothers of obese children interpret all expressions as a need for food, and use food as a reward. Obese children are less active. Social consequences of obesity include: Behavior problems Depression Lowered self-esteem 80% of obese children become obese adults. Obese children generally have obese parents. Early excessive fat storage leads to overabundance of fat cells. Obese individuals are more responsive to external eating signals. Obese individuals eat faster and chew less. Mothers of obese children interpret all expressions as a need for food, and use food as a reward. Obese children are less active. Social consequences of obesity include: Behavior problems Depression Lowered self-esteem Obesity in Childhood

3. Physical Effects of Childhood Athletics Positive Better physical fitness Improved motor coordination Negative Sports-related injuries Psychological Effects of Childhood Athletics Positive Training in achievement motivation (e.g., bettering previous running times) Negative Competition (e.g., more concern with winning than with performance as such) Excessive pressure from adults to practice, perform well and win

4. 7.2 7.6 6.8 6.4 6.0 4.8 5.2 5.6 4.4 4.0 160 200 180 140 120 100 40 60 80 20 0 5678910111256789101112 RUNNING Age THROWING Yards per Second Feet malesfemalesmalesfemales

5. 0 15 30 45 60 120 135 150 All causes Ages 5 - 14 Boys Motor vehicle accidents Drownings, fires, poisons AccidentsDiseases (selected)Violence Other accidents InfectionsCancer (all kinds) Heart diseases HomicidesSuicides Cause of Death Frequency per 100,000 children Ages 5 - 14 GirlsAges 15 - 24 BoysAges 15 - 24 Girls

6. Often fidgets with hands or feet, or squirms in seat. Difficulty remaining seated when required. Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli. Difficulty awaiting turn in games or groups. Often blurts out answers before question completed. Difficulty following through on instructions (not due to lack of comprehension); fails to finish chores. Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play. Shifts from one incomplete activity to another. Difficulty playing quietly. Often talks excessively. Often interrupts or intrudes on others. Often doesn’t listen to what is said to him or her. Often loses things needed at home or school (pencils, books, assignments) Often engages in dangerous activities without considering possible consequences. Source: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (IV). (1994). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. Often fidgets with hands or feet, or squirms in seat. Difficulty remaining seated when required. Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli. Difficulty awaiting turn in games or groups. Often blurts out answers before question completed. Difficulty following through on instructions (not due to lack of comprehension); fails to finish chores. Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play. Shifts from one incomplete activity to another. Difficulty playing quietly. Often talks excessively. Often interrupts or intrudes on others. Often doesn’t listen to what is said to him or her. Often loses things needed at home or school (pencils, books, assignments) Often engages in dangerous activities without considering possible consequences. Source: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (IV). (1994). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

7. Conservation has developed. Classification and categorization have developed. Ability to resolve contradictions. Comprehension of past, present, and future. Understanding of reversibility; child has control and flexibility. Using the alphabet for organization. Ability to verbalize directions. Ability to transpose (i.e., see things from another’s viewpoint). Comprehension of relational terms. Can use simple logic. Conservation has developed. Classification and categorization have developed. Ability to resolve contradictions. Comprehension of past, present, and future. Understanding of reversibility; child has control and flexibility. Using the alphabet for organization. Ability to verbalize directions. Ability to transpose (i.e., see things from another’s viewpoint). Comprehension of relational terms. Can use simple logic. Characteristics of Concrete Operational Thought

8. Conservation of liquid Conservation of mass Conservation of number Conservation of length Which has more liquid? Do they both weigh the same, or does one weigh more than the other? Are there still as many pennies as nickels, or more of one than the other? Are they the same length, or is one longer? Is one pencil as long as the other, or is one longer? Has more Weighs more More Is longer Original SetupAlter as ShownAsk ChildUsual Answer

9. Developmental Changes in Recall Memory Age Digit Span 123456789101112adults 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10. Percentage 19801990 0 4 2 8 6 12 10 14 16 Spanish Other languages Total non-English language 1.1 4.6 5.3 1.9 4.4 7.5 13.8 11.0 Asian language

11. Mean score Age of arrival Native3 - 78 - 1011- 1517 - 39 276 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 Second Language Learning as a Function of Age

12. The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Realm of Intelligence Componential Experiential Contextual Examples Coding and representing information; planning and executing solutions to problems Skills with novel problems and familiar problems in novel settings; skill at solving problems automatically as they become familiar Deliberate adaptation, alteration, and selection of learning environments to facilitate problem solving

13. Language skill Musical skill Logical skill Spatial skill Kinesthetic, or body balance, skill Interpersonal and intrapersonal skills GARDNER'S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

14. Growth has slowed down. Increased endurance Improved running, throwing, swimming, bicycling, and skating. Better motor control. Growth has slowed down. Increased endurance Improved running, throwing, swimming, bicycling, and skating. Better motor control. Summary of Middle Childhood Physical Development

15. Reach Piaget’s concrete operational thought stage. Becoming logical. Using language to acquire new skills, understand jokes and riddles. Enlarged memory capacity. Understand arithmetical concepts. Reach Piaget’s concrete operational thought stage. Becoming logical. Using language to acquire new skills, understand jokes and riddles. Enlarged memory capacity. Understand arithmetical concepts. Summary of Middle Childhood Cognitive Development