1. Emily McCadams

2. Causes of XYZ Affair  Britain and France warring nations  America traded with both the British and the French  The British were attacking American ships  Jay’s Treaty to stop British  French became upset with increasing Anglo- American alliance  Started attacking American ships

3. George Washington  Wanted to keep neutrality in foreign affairs  Sent John Jay to create a treaty with British in 1794  Sent Charles Cotesworth Pinckney to be U.S. Minister to France  Was not received in 1796

4. John Adams  Became president in 1797  Wanted to keep neutrality in foreign affairs as well  Wanted to modify the Franco- American alliance of 1778  Sent three diplomats to France

5. French Requests  Prince Talleyrand sent three French agents to meet with American diplomats  Asked for a $250,000 bribe for negotiations with Prince Talleyrand, a twelve million dollar loan for France, and asked them to express regret for alliance with Great Britain

6. Charles Cotesworth Pinkney  Originally sent to France by Washington  Wasn’t accepted  Sent back by Adams  Federalist  Responded to the French’s requests with, “No! No! Not a sixpence!”

7. John Marshall  Federalist  Seen as a “hero for refusing to give in to unreasonable and somewhat dishonorable… demands.”

8. Elbridge Gerry  Anti- Federalist  Did not come to agreement with the Pinckney and Marshall because of party issue  Stayed after they left France  Prince Talleyrand tried to convince him “that his presence in France would prevent war.”  “tried to negotiate separate terms” with France, but did not succeed.

9. Adams’s Administration Reaction  Adams went straight to Congress, and told them what the French had asked  The Anti-Federalist Party in Congress wished to see the actual letters that were sent  Adams showed them the letters, but substituted the names of the French agents with “X,” “Y,” and “Z”

10. The American Reaction  The American citizens became very concerned and upset about the requests of the French  Their outcry: “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!”

11. The Quasi-War of 1798-1800  Adams set his mind on war  He “asked Congress for money to arrange for war and gave American ships permission to fire on French ships.”  The Department of the Navy was established, and more ships were made  There was battle and attacks were made, but not a declared war

12. Ending the Conflict  Adams wanted peace from France as soon as possible  In 1799, Adams sent a second commission of Americans to France  They made negotiations to stop warfare by 1800

13. Influence on America  The American response to expecting money has influenced political decisions afterwards  Just because two countries are allies in one war, does not mean they will be in the next  The French expected money back from their help in the American Revolution, but America did not follow up

14. Bibliography  Billias, George. Academic American, 1989 ed., s.v. “Gerry, Elbridge.” Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated, 1989.  "A Biography of Elbridge Gerry 1744-1814." American History: From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond. Accessed 24 November 2013. http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/biographies/elbridge-gerry/.  Combs, Jerald. World Book: Millennium, 2000 ed., s.v. “XYZ Affair.” Chicago: World Book, Inc., 2000.  Cullen, Charles. World Book: Millennium, 2000 ed., s.v. “Marshall, John.” Chicago: World Book, Inc., 2000.  Ferrell, Robert. Academic American, 1989 ed., s.v. “XYZ Affair.” Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated, 1989.  Handlin, Oscar. World Book: Millennium, 2000 ed., s.v. “United States, History of the: 1784 1819: Early problems and politics: Foreign affairs.” Chicago: World Book, Inc., 2000.  Hutson, James. World Book: Millennium, 2000 ed., s.v. “Adams, John C.: Adams’  Administration 1797-1801): Difficulties with France.” Chicago: World Book, Inc., 2000.  “John Adams: XYZ Affair, Philadelphia, PA, 1797-05-16.” American History: From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond. Accessed 24 November 2013. http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/presidents/john-adams/the-xyz-affair-1797.php.  Smith, W. Calvin. World Book: Millennium, 2000 ed., s.v. “Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth.” Chicago: World Book, Inc., 2000.

15. Bibliography (Visuals)  “Jay’s Treaty: Primary Documents in American History.” The Library of Congress. November 25, 2013. http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/jay.html.  “John Adams.” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 25, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams.  “John Marshall.” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 25, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall.  Levin, Thomas. “5 Basic Steps to Moneyball Approach in Football Manager.” Aid the Boss. November 25, 2013. http://www.aidtheboss.com/moneyball-approach/.  “Map of Atlantic Ocean.” Sampleireland.com. November 25, 2013. http://www.sampleireland.com/map-of-atlantic-ocean.html.  “United States Secretary of the Navy.” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 25, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.  “XYZ Affair.” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 25, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XYZ_Affair.  “1789 Militia: Quemahoning Township.” Ancestry.com. November 25, 2013. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~pacquema/mil1789.htm.