1. Erik Simpanen September 27 th, 2011 BME 281

2. Heart Disease  A generic term for referring to numerous different forms of sicknesses that effect the heart  Causes more than one million deaths a year (4)  Transplants were originally thought the only solution  A heart replacement has been a scientology goal on everybody’s mind for some time.

3. Then and Now:  First: Transplants were originally thought to be the only answer  Then: Pumps were only meant to replace the heart for a small period of time before a donor heart was found  Now: Implant an artificial heart into patients for extended periods of time before a donor is found  Goal: To eventually engineer a heart that can be permanently left inside the body

4.  The first successful heart-lung machine  Dr. John Gibbon during an open heart surgery in 1953,  The first artificial heart  First developed by a team of physicians, engineers and students who improved on an original design by Dr. Kolff,  This artificial heart, called the Jarvik-7, was named after one of the project managers, Robert Jarvik.  First put into a human in 1982  Survived 112 days connected to the 400 pound machine attached to the heart. History:

5. Disadvantages:  Many disadvantages to the first continuous blood flow pumps including:  Damage to the blood cells because of the stress the pump was putting on the blood  Energy required to keep pumping. (2)

6. Versions of Artificial Hearts:  Jarvik-7  One of the first designs with the two ventricles attached to anatomical connections (5)  Rotary Artificial Heart (1)  a miniaturized rotary artificial heart that was implanted into the natural heart

7. Types Continued:  Vibrating Flow Pump  Thought to be less destructive to the blood cells  CardioWest TAH-t (or temporary total artificial heart)  approved by the FDA in 2004  more than 888 patients have been treated with this artificial heart  Much smaller than previous models  160 grams and 400ml  able to increase and decrease beats per minute based on the activities the patient is performing at the time (6)

8. Artificial Heart Design  Air is pumped through the diaphragms to create the blood flow  Made of polyurethane  Two round ventricles  Anatomical connections to the major blood vessels and the atria  Hard outer housing to protect the interior, which contains a number of different diaphragms.  1 holds the blood  2 intermediate diaphragms  1 air diaphragm.

10.  Tubes leading out of the heart made from polyurethane  Velour skin buttons  internal tubes connected to the heart driver system. Drivers:  a source of compressed air, a vacuum, and electricity that  powers and controls the artificial heart  plugged in or powered by rechargeable batteries  frequency and pressure is different in each ventricle

11. Artificial Heart Drivers: (Cont.)  a primary pneumatic driver  a backup pneumatic driver  an alarm and computer system for controlling the artificial heart  batteries  air tanks  anatomical connection to the artificial heart inside the body.

12. Portability  Drastic change in the size of the drivers  Before:  more than 400 pounds  patients not allowed to leave  Nowadays:  Portable  Leave the hospital  Originally developed in Europe

13.  2001 AbioCore  powered by a hydraulic pump  a wireless charging system  and an external battery pack  all worn in a belt around the waist. Most Recently:

14. Complications  Originally, many complications  Now, Strokes  10% of patients received a stroke during the surgery  Only 2% of patients suffered a stroke during device support

15. Questions…

16. Citations:  1.) Inventor: Robert Jarvik, Artificial Hearts With Permanent Magnet Bearings, U.S. Patent, 1996  2.) Don B. Olsen, The History of Continuous-Blood Flow Pumps, Artificial Organs, Volume 24, Issue 6, pp. 401  3.) Joyce, Response of the Human Body to the First Permanent Implant of the Jarvik-7 Total Artificial Heart, Transactions-American Society for Artificial Internal Organs, Volume 29, pp.81, 1983  4.) Devries, Clinical Use of the Total Artificial Heart, The New England Journal of Medicine, (Articial) 1984  5.) Wang, Component Engineering for an Implantable System, Artificial Organs, Volume 28, pp. 869-873, 2004  6.) Copeland, Out-Of-Hospital Total Artificial Heart Patients, Texas Heart Institute Journal, Volume 37, pp. 654-655, December, 15 2010

17. Citations:  DeVries, The New England Journal of Medicine, “Clinical Use of the Total Artificial Heart”, February 2, 1984, (http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM198402023100501)  DeVries, The Permenant Artificial Heart, The Journal of American Medical Association, 2000 (http://jama.ama- assn.org/content/259/6/849.short)  El-Banayosy, “CardioWest Total Artificial Heart”, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, July 21, 2005 (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T11- 4GP19JK- 17&_user=657938&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high &_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_s earchStrId=1726932657&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C0000356 79&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=657938&md5=45c46c94c67cec af539efe125365b55f&searchtype=a)  Copeland, The New England Journal of Medicine, “Cardiac Replacement…”, Volume 351, No. 9, August 26 th, 2004 (http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa040186)  Noman, Artificial Heart, January 4, 2011