1. ANESTHESIA PART I

2. Anesthesia Types of Concepts Administration & Selection

3. Anesthesia Definition: “Lack of Sensation” Describes a process that is used to alleviate pain and suffering during a surgical procedure

4. Optimal Anesthesia Achieved If All Of The Following Are Met: Hypnosis Anesthesia Amnesia Muscle Relaxation Optimal Positioning of Patient Homeostasis of Vital Functions

5. Hypnosis Altered state of consciousness related to how the patient perceives his or her environment (surgical) and procedure (surgical) Induce sleep Can be light to fully unconscious

6. Anesthesia Lack of sensation Allows for “pain-free” surgery Ranges from topical, local, regional and general (systemic) agents

7. Amnesia Lack of recall of surgical events Allows for more cooperative relaxed patient

8. Muscle Relaxation Combined with inhalation (gases) agents to produce muscle relaxation to total paralysis Allows for endotracheal intubation Facilitates exposure of tissues and organs as muscles are in a relaxed state

9. Patient Positioning Allows for surgical site exposure/access Allows for monitoring of the surgical patient Allows/provides physiological homeostasis

10. Homeostasis of Vital Functions Maintenance of the patient’s physiological status until surgical intervention is complete Most dangerous part of surgery is anesthesia Are inducing a state close to death without crossing that line

11. Methods of Administration Determining the Right Anesthetic Patient’s age, weight, and build Emotional, psychological and physical needs Type of operation and duration of operation Lab and X-ray findings Pre-existing illnesses or diseases Medications on Allergies History of drug or alcohol abuse Time since last ingested food, particularly with emergencies

12. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Based on the evaluation/assessment done preoperatively, the patient is assigned a Class # 1 through #6. This determines what kind of risk is involved for the patient for the surgical procedure about to be performed. Class 1- Patient has no previous/current physical or mental medical history

13. Class 2- Mild to moderate disease present (controlled HTN, asthma, controlled diabetes, mildly obese, anemic, tobacco use) that does not interfere with ADLs Age less than 1 year or greater than 70 years old

14. Class 3- severe disease present (controlled angina, has had a myocardial infarction, HTN that is not controlled, respiratory disease that is causing difficulties presently, greatly obese) that interfere with ADLs

15. Class 4- severe disease (s) present that are life-threatening (unstable angina, CHF, respiratory disease that is debilitating, liver failure, kidney failure, myocardial infarction in progress or in the last 24 hours)

16. Class 5- Has little chance of survival, but is operated on as a last ditch effort or at the request of family members

17. Class 6- Is brain dead/life support is being provided This is an organ harvest or procurement

18. (E) Emergency Modifier- an E is added to the Class # in cases of emergency surgery

19. Goal of Anesthesia Patient safety Optimal results

20. Anesthetic Agents 2 types: 1. General Focus on altering state of consciousness, awareness and pain perception 2. Nerve Conduction Blockade Focus on preventing sensory nerve impulse transmission

21. General Anesthesia Combined to deliver “Balanced Anesthesia” Inhalation agents Intravenous agents Less Common: Intramuscular agents Instillation

22. Components of General Anesthesia Amnesia Analgesia Anesthesia Muscle Relaxation Together provide “Balanced Anesthesia”

23. Stages of General Anesthesia I. Amnesia stage is lightest stage that begins with administration of agent ends with loss of consciousness Good stage for MAC II. Excitement or Delirium stage from loss of consciousness to loss of eyelid reflex and regular breathing Patient movements are uninhibited Might see vomiting, laryngospasm, hypertension, tachycardia Rarely seen except in children due to drugs that are available now to carry patients straight to stage III III. Surgical anesthesia stage from regular breathing and loss of eyelid reflex to cessation of breathing Patient unresponsive and hearing is last to go IV. Overdose stage dilated nonreactive pupils, cessation of breathing, hypotension can quickly lead to circulatory arrest if uncorrected Autonomic response is totally blocked to all stimuli

24. Phases of Anesthesia 1. Preinduction begins with premed administered and ends when anesthesia induction begins in OR 2. Induction from consciousness to unconsciousness 3. Maintenance surgery takes place during this requires maintenance of physiological function by anesthetist 4. Emergence as surgery is completed (start to wake up), restoration of gag reflex, extubation 5. Recovery time during when patient returns to full consciousness begins in OR and carries into stay in PACU and beginning healing stages

25. Advantages verses Disadvantages

26. General Anesthesia Inhalation Agents: Nitrous Oxide (N²O) Ethrane (Enflurane) Forane (Isoflurane) Halothane (Fluothane) Sevoflurane (Sevoflurane) Suprane (Desflurane)

27. General Anesthesia Intravenous Agents: 1. Barbiturates Short acting Anesthesia Not analgesic Pentothal (thiopental) Brevital (Methohexital)

28. General Anesthesia 2. Benzodiazepines Sedative and amnesiac effects Versed (Midazolam) Valium (Diazepam) Ativan (Lorazepam)

29. General Anesthesia 3. Individual Agent Propofol (Diprivan) Sedative/Hypnotic Anesthetic Amnesiac No Analgesia No Muscle Relaxation

30. General Anesthesia 4. Narcotics Maintenance of general anesthesia Anesthetic Sublimaze (Fentanyl) Alfenta (Alfentanil) Sufenta (Sufentanil) Morphine (Morphine Sulfate)

31. General Anesthesia 5. Muscle Relaxants (neuromuscular blocking agents) To receive endotracheal intubation, patient must be paralyzed or have relaxed muscles a. Depolarizing Agents: Initiate contractions called fasciculation example: Succinylcholine (Anectine) b. Nondepolarizing Agents: Prevent contractions examples: Curare, Pavulon, Norcuron

32. Nerve Conduction Blockade Includes: 1. Topical anesthesia 2. Local anesthesia 3. Regional anesthesia Spinal (intrathecal) block Epidural block Caudal block Nerve plexus block

33. Topical Anesthesia Used on mucous membranes: upper aerodigestive tract, urethra, rectum, and skin Cryoanesthesia reduces nerve conduction by localized freezing with a probe connected to a cryoprecipitate unit that uses nitrogen Cryoanesthesia can also be performed with ice Lidocaine jelly Cocaine (topical only!) Most common use: sinus surgery

34. Local Anesthetics Immediate surgical site anesthesia Affects small circumscribed area Can be injected or applied topically Lidocaine (Xylocaine) Bupivicaine (Marcaine, Sensorcaine) Procaine (Novocain) Tetracaine (Pontocaine) Mepivacaine (Carbocaine) Hyaluronidase (Wydase) facilitator/enhancer of above medications’ effects Epinephrine (Adrenalin) additive to above for vasoconstrictive properties

35. Local Anesthesia with MAC Combination of nerve conduction blockade on topical or local level with supplementation by the anesthesia provider with analgesics, sedative- hypnotics, or amnestics

36. Regional Anesthetics Injected along a major nerve tract Nerve Plexus Block or Field Block Bier Block Spinal Epidural Caudal Block

37. Nerve Plexus Block Anesthetic injected into major nerve plexus or the base of a structure Result is anesthesia of tissue innervated by that plexus Used in dental and extremities Examples: axillary, wrist, ankle, cervical plexus (CAE)

38. Bier Block Anesthetic injected to an extremity into a vein below the level of a tourniquet For arm/wrist/hand surgery that will last less than 1 hour Blood exsanguinated from extremity with an esmark, tourniquet is inflated, anesthetic given Tourniquet prevents anesthetic agent from circulating above it Tourniquet will be released slowly to allow for gradual circulation of the agent to prevent cardiovascular or CNS effects

39. Spinal Block Injected into CSF in the subarachnoid space between L-3 and L-5 vertebrae For lower body procedures Onset 3-5 minutes Duration 1 ½ hours Tetracaine most common agent used Lidocaine and Procaine others used Epinephrine can prolong effect Never put patient in Trendelenburg position with spinal anesthesia

40. Spinal Block Disadvantages: Hypotension Nausea and vomiting One time dose means cannot adjust Temporary or permanent paralysis

42. Spinal Block Advantages: Conscious patient No respiratory irritation Bowel contraction enhances abdominal visibility Muscle relaxant effects allow easy abdominal wall retraction

43. Epidural Block Injected outside of the dura in the epidural space that contains the fatty tissue Injected T-4 vertebral area and down Lower limb & perineal surgeries and obstetrics Thoracic surgeries will be placed for post-op pain management Can be single dose or a catheter can be inserted to allow for redosing

45. Caudal Block Type of Epidural being replaced by the Epidural Block Only difference is placement in the epidural space of the sacral canal Primarily seen with mothers in labor

46. Summary Anesthesia Types Anesthesia Administration & Selection