1. Service Automation in Semantic Web, EB and Grid Ching-Long Yeh 葉慶隆 Department of Computer Science and Engineering Tatung University Taipei, Taiwan Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw http://www.cse.ttu.edu.tw/chingyeh

2. SW, EB, Grid2 Content Web technology evolution Semantic Web Semantic Web Service Electronic Business Architecture: ebXML Workflow Automation in Grid Semantic Web Service Architecture Summary

3. Web Technology Evolution

4. SW, EB, Grid4 Web Technology HTML XML Electronic Business Semantic Web

5. SW, EB, Grid5 Information Pool WWW HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol) HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Web server Application Client HTTP URL HTML Document Human-to-machine interaction Information explosion

6. SW, EB, Grid6 Information Pool Interaction Using XML XML (eXtensible Markup Language) SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) SOAP server Application HTTP XML Document Machine-to-machine interaction Service automation SOAP server Application Information Pool XML Document

7. SW, EB, Grid7 Web Service Architecture

8. SW, EB, Grid8 Electronic Business Transport, routing, packaging Business processes, business documents Company A Company B Transport, routing, packaging Business processes, business documents ERP Application-to-Application Business Process Automation RosettaNet ebXML

9. SW, EB, Grid9 Semantic Web The Semantic Web is a vision: See “W3C Semantic Web Activity,” by Marja-Riitta Koivunen, for more descriptions.W3C Semantic Web Activity the idea of having data on the web defined and linked in a way that it can be used by machines not just for display purposes, but for automation, integration and reuse of data across various applications

10. SW, EB, Grid10 Semantic Web The Semantic Web is the new generation of the World Wide Web, based on the semantic network knowledge representation formalism, which enables packaging information in the form of object-attribute-value statements, so called triplets. By assuming that terms used in these statements are based on the formally specified meaning (for the community of interest), i.e. ontologies, these triplets can be semantically processed by machine agents. From: http://www2002.org/CDROM/poster/130.pdf

11. SW, EB, Grid11 The Semantic Web Layered Architecture (http://www.w3.org/2001/T alks/0228-tbl/slide5-0.html) Tim Berners-Lee: “Axioms, Architecture and Aspirations” W3C all-working group plenary Meeting 28 February 2001 URIUnicode XMLNamespaces XML Schema Sig RDF M&S RDF Schema Ontology Rules Logic Proof Trust

12. SW, EB, Grid12 The Big Picture of SW (http://semanticweb.org/about.html#bigpicture)

13. SW, EB, Grid13 What Is in an Ontology? One widely cited definition of an ontology is Gruber’s [Gruber 1993] “A specification of a conceptualization”. An ontology is a formal explicit description of –concepts in a domain of discourse (classes (sometimes called concepts)), –properties of each concept describing various features and attributes of the concept (slots (sometimes called roles or properties)), and –restrictions on slots (facets (sometimes called role restrictions)). An ontology together with a set of individual instances of classes constitutes a knowledge base.

14. SW, EB, Grid14 Ontology Spectrum (From: http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/papers/ontologies-come-of-age-mit-press-(with-citation).htm)

15. Semantic Web Languages

16. SW, EB, Grid16 What is XML? Extensible Markup Language A Syntax for Documents A Meta-Markup Language A Structural and Semantic Language, not a Formatting Language Not just for Web pages

17. SW, EB, Grid17 XML Standards DTD Namespace Schema DOM CSS, XSL-T, XSL-FO XLink XPointer

18. SW, EB, Grid18 XML Protocol: SOAP

19. SW, EB, Grid19 RDF M&S RDF (Resource Description Framework) –Beyond Machine readable to Machine understandable RDF consists of two parts –RDF Model (a set of triples) –RDF Syntax (different XML serialization syntaxes) RDF Schema for definition of Vocabularies (simple Ontologies) for RDF (and in RDF)

20. SW, EB, Grid20 RDF Data Model Resources –A resource is a thing you talk about (can reference) –Resources have URI’s –RDF definitions are themselves Resources (linkage, see requirement 1) Properties –slots, define relationships to other resources or atomic values Statements –“ Resource has Property with Value ” –(Values can be resources or atomic XML data) Similar to Frame Systems

21. SW, EB, Grid21 A Simple Example Statement –“Ora Lassila is the creator of the resource http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila ” Structure –Resource(subject) http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila –Property(predicate) http://www.schema.org/#Creator –Value(object) "Ora Lassila” Directed graph http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila s:Creator Ora Lassila

22. SW, EB, Grid22 OWL W3C Web Ontology Language OWL provides three increasingly expressive sublanguages: OWL Lite, OWL DL, and OWL Full.

23. SW, EB, Grid23 OWL W3C Web Ontology Language OWL Lite language constructs RDF Schema Features: Class rdf:Property rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:domain rdfs:range Individual (In)Equality: equivalentClass equivalentProperty sameAs differentFrom allDifferent Property Characteristics: inverseOf TransitiveProperty SymmetricProperty FunctionalProperty InverseFunctionalProperty Property Type Restrictions: allValuesFrom someValuesFrom Restricted Cardinality: minCardinality (only 0 or 1) maxCardinality (only 0 or 1) cardinality (only 0 or 1) Header Information: ontology imports

24. Semantic Web Services

25. SW, EB, Grid25 Some Motivating Tasks The kinds of task we expect OWL-S to enable: –Automatic Web service discovery –Automatic Web service invocation –Automatic Web service composition and interoperation –Automatic Web service execution monitoring

26. SW, EB, Grid26 High-level View of the Service Ontology ServiceProfile ServiceModel ServiceGrounding Service Resource provides presents describedBy supports What the service does How it works How to Access it

27. SW, EB, Grid27 Top Level of the Process Ontology ProcessProfile Atomic Process Composite Process Simple Process Control Construct Sequence Repeat Until ProcessComponent= Process U ControConstruct ProcessComponent= Process U ControConstruct ProcessComponent= Process U ControConstruct hasProcess hasProfile computedInput computedOutput computedEffect computedPrecondition invocab compsedBy expand collapse realizes realizedBy has Grounding Input Precondition Output effect Condition

28. SW, EB, Grid28 Grounding a Service to a Concrete Realization Process Model Atomic Process Operation DL-Based Types Inputs/Outputs Message Binding to SOAP, HTTP, etc. WSDL OWL-S

29. Electronic Business Architecture

30. SW, EB, Grid30 The ebXML Framework at Work

31. SW, EB, Grid31 Components of the ebXML Framework Defining how public business-process must be described using the ebXML BPSS standard. Defining the semantics of business documents that are exchanged in public processes using ebXML’s Core Component (ebCC) standard. Definition of services and the constraints in using the services using Collaboration Protocol Profile (CPP) defined in the ebXML CPPA standard. Description of the mutual agreement between the business partners – Collaboration Protocol Agreement (CPA) – to carry out the public business process. The schema for a CPA is also defined by ebXML CPPA standard. Protocols for registering, storing, and retrieving public business processes and associated business documents, and CPPs using the ebXML Registry standard. A standard way to send and receive messages between business partners, as defined in the ebXML Message specification.

32. Workflow Automation in Grid

33. SW, EB, Grid33 Introduction Grid technologies are changing the way scientists conduct research, fostering large-scale collaborative endeavors where scientists share their resources, data, applications, and knowledge to pursue common goals. Collaborations, –Virtual Organizations (VOs), LIGO and GEO –Virtual Data, first introduced within the GriPhyN project, The Grid applications are no longer monolithic codes, rather they are being built from existing application components. –In general, we can think of applications as being defined by workflows, where the activities in the workflow are individual application components and the dependencies between the activities reflect the data and/or control flow dependencies between the components.

34. SW, EB, Grid34

35. SW, EB, Grid35 Introduction Although Grid middleware allows for discovery of the available resources and of the locations of the replicated data, users are currently responsible for carrying out all of these steps manually. Automating this process is desirable and necessary because of –Usability –Complexity –Solution cost –Global cost –Reliability

36. SW, EB, Grid36 A knowledge-based architecture for workflow generation on the Grid

37. SW, EB, Grid37 Architecture of the planning system and its interactions with other Grid-based services.

38. SW, EB, Grid38 Application Example The GriPhyN Virtual Data System (VDS) that consists of Chimera, Pegasus and DAGMan has been used to execute both large workflows with an order of 100,000 jobs with relatively short runtimes and workflows with small number of long-running jobs. Components of a Workflow Generation, Mapping and Execution System.

39. SW, EB, Grid39 Application Example A simple example of partial workflow descriptions expressed in Chimera’s Virtual Data Language (VDL)

40. SW, EB, Grid40 Application Example Abstract workflow produced by Chimera

41. Semantic Web Services Architecture

42. SW, EB, Grid42 Introduction Develop architectural and protocol abstractions forming a reference architecture to support Semantic Web Service technologies The support functions the architecture will cover –Dynamic Service Discovery –Service Process Enactment and Management –Negotiation and Contracting –Semantic Web Community Support Services –Semantic Web Service Lifecycle and Resource Management Services –Cross-cutting Issues

43. SW, EB, Grid43 Introduction Semantic Web Services are viewed as a way to extend the capabilities of web services in the direction of dynamic interoperability. –Commercial web services, in both B2B and B2C applications –Grid computing –Ubiquitous computing –Information Services

44. SW, EB, Grid44 Functional Areas Dynamic Service DiscoveryB2BB2CUbiqGridInfo Advertising of Service Descriptions Candidate Service Query Formulation Candidate Service Matchmaking

45. SW, EB, Grid45 Functional Areas Service Process Enactment and ManagementB2BB2CUbiqGridInfo Candidate Service Selection Service request formation and response interpretation Request and Response Translation Choreography interpretation and execution Process mediation and delegation Dynamic Service Composition Process status monitoring and event notification Service failure handling and compensation

46. SW, EB, Grid46 Functional Areas Negotiation and ContractingB2BB2CUbiqGridInfo Service contract negotiation Dispute Resolution and Compliance Non-Repudiation/Audit Tracking/Explanation

47. SW, EB, Grid47 Functional Areas Semantic Web Community Support ServicesB2BB2CUbiqGridInfo Ontology Management and Mapping Services Service catalog and Information brokering Services Membership and Authority Services Security (identification/authentication, authorization, delegation) Privacy Services Reputation Services Policy and Protocol Management Services

48. SW, EB, Grid48 Functional Areas Service Lifecycle SupportB2BB2CUbiqGridInfo Executable process management services Resource Allocation and Provisioning services

49. SW, EB, Grid49 Summary Abstractions of services on emerging technological architectures The Semantic Web Service Architecture is probably an integration of the abstractions of services for various functional areas.

50. SW, EB, Grid50 References W3C Semantic Web Activity, http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/ Semantic Web Specifications, http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/#spec N. F. Noy and D. L. McGuinness. ``Ontology development 101: a guide to creating your first ontology''. Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-01-05 and Stanford Medical Informatics Technical Report SMI-2001-0880, March 2001. D. L. McGuinness. "Ontologies come of age". In D. Fensel, J. Hendler, H. Lieberman, and W. Wahlster (eds.) Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential. MIT Press, 2002. ebXML Technical Architecture Project Team, ebXML Technical Architecture Specification v1.0.4, http://www.ebxml.org/specs/ebTA.pdf J. Blythe, E. Deelman, and Y. Gil, “Automatically composed Workflows for Grid Environments,” IEEE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, July/August, 2004. Y. Gil, E. Deelman, J. Blythe, C. Kesselman, and H. Tangmunarunkit, “Artificial intelligence and Grids: workflow planning and beyond,” IEEE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Jan/Feb, 2004. E. Deelman, et al, "Pegasus : mapping scientific workflows onto the Grid," Across Grids Conference 2004, Nicosia, Cyprus, 2004. Mark Burstein (ed.), Semantic Web Services Architecture Requirements Version 1.0 (1 June 2004), http://www.daml.org/services/swsa/swsa-requirements.html