1. How to circumvent quality deficits in eye testing and driving licensing!? Kjell Ohlsson Professor of Engineering Psychology/Human Machine Interaction Department of Management & Industrial Engineering, Division of Quality Technology & Management, Linköping University Scientific advisor to the Institute for Humane Technology (IHT), Bollnäs Also affiliated to the Swedish Centre for Stress Medicine E-mail: kjell.ohlsson@liu.se kjell.ohlsson@liu.se Mobile: +46 702421687

2. Mitigating validity problems There is an ambitious proposal on EU-level to embrace a large number of ”driving tasks” that will be used in order to assess driving capability, by far more elaborated than anything used today. There is an ambitious proposal on EU-level to embrace a large number of ”driving tasks” that will be used in order to assess driving capability, by far more elaborated than anything used today.

3. Pilot project at Institute for Humane Technology, (IHT) Bollnäs, Sweden Screening tests of driving license candidates with functional disorders Screening tests of driving license candidates with functional disorders A low fidelity simulator with a commercial software for city driving A low fidelity simulator with a commercial software for city driving Cooperation between IHT, a driving school and Höghammar school (- boarding school for teenagers with intellectual dysfunctions) Cooperation between IHT, a driving school and Höghammar school (- boarding school for teenagers with intellectual dysfunctions) A well functioning activity not solicited by the Swedish Transportation board A well functioning activity not solicited by the Swedish Transportation board

4. New challenges for aging with grace on the road again

5. Forecasted increased number of elderly car drivers with visual problems

6. More advanced technology in the future is foreseen More assissting devices and even more distracting devices in future cars More assissting devices and even more distracting devices in future cars Other demands on the future car driver Other demands on the future car driver More difficult to predict effects of new technology More difficult to predict effects of new technology Increased demands on personalized systems Increased demands on personalized systems More restrictions will be implemented More restrictions will be implemented

7. Suggestions for innovative actions Encourage politicians (and researchers) to engage in establishment of a modern regulation of licensing of car drivers Encourage politicians (and researchers) to engage in establishment of a modern regulation of licensing of car drivers Develop new harmonized rules on the EU- level based on scientific evidence Develop new harmonized rules on the EU- level based on scientific evidence Develop accurate and harmonized requirements for an acceptable car driver Develop accurate and harmonized requirements for an acceptable car driver More focus on driving capability More focus on driving capability

8. Suggestions... contin. More sophisticated tests of driving capability More sophisticated tests of driving capability More lenient application of current regulations More lenient application of current regulations Allow people with minor field-of-view defects in peripheral parts of the visual field to drive with restrictions Allow people with minor field-of-view defects in peripheral parts of the visual field to drive with restrictions Probabalistic risk assessment of each patient depending on test results Probabalistic risk assessment of each patient depending on test results

9. Suggestions... contin. Allow patients to demonstrate their driving skills before their licence is withdrawn Allow patients to demonstrate their driving skills before their licence is withdrawn Make it compulsory for people with doubtful test scores to test driving skills in a car simulator Make it compulsory for people with doubtful test scores to test driving skills in a car simulator Most patients with field-of-view deficienses are capable to improve their scanning behaviour by systematic training and thereby compensate their loss to a large extent Most patients with field-of-view deficienses are capable to improve their scanning behaviour by systematic training and thereby compensate their loss to a large extent

10. Suggestions... contin. More research on: More research on: –interactions in the traffic environment –relationship between field-of-view testing and practical driving capability –integrative assistant technology in driving environments Start collecting relevant statistical data concerning illnesses and car driving and interventions directed towards car drivers Start collecting relevant statistical data concerning illnesses and car driving and interventions directed towards car drivers

11. Suggestions... contin. More relevant tests with a coupling to driving skills are proposed, such as More relevant tests with a coupling to driving skills are proposed, such as –Stress profile test (multiple) connected to all visual tests – Elaborated Stroop Color Word test especially useful for stroke patients and patients with foreign mother thounge – Test of simultaneous capacity – Memory tests – Emotional stability test

12. Suggestions... contin. Reaction Time test Reaction Time test Tracking test Tracking test Inference test Inference test Decision capability during insecure conditions (prospect theory) Decision capability during insecure conditions (prospect theory) Subjective time test Subjective time test Subjective self rating scales of relevant dimensions for car driving Subjective self rating scales of relevant dimensions for car driving

13. Suggestions... contin. Visual acuity test Visual acuity test Vigilance test Vigilance test Esterman test Esterman test Perceptual flow test Perceptual flow test Contrast sensitivity test Contrast sensitivity test Colour test Colour test Glare sensitivity test Glare sensitivity test

14. Suggestions... contin. Psycho-physiologigal tests may include; Psycho-physiologigal tests may include; –Respiration frequency (resp. sinus arythmia) –CO2 during exhalation – Oxygen saturation – Peripheral pulse – ECG (especially hart rate variability) – EEG – EMG – Finger temperature (very sensitive!)

15. Suggestions... contin. Eye-point-of-gaze test Eye-point-of-gaze test –Eye tracking –Head tracking Scene cameras Scene cameras Video monitoring of car driver Video monitoring of car driver Instructor ratings of traffic behaviour Instructor ratings of traffic behaviour Tranparent and understandable test protocols Tranparent and understandable test protocols

16. Encourage (subsidize) patients to use ADAS and IVIS to facilitate driving, f. ex.S Automatic gear box Automatic gear box Head up displays Head up displays Anti collission warning systems Anti collission warning systems Blind spot warning systems Blind spot warning systems Night vision systems Night vision systems Navigation systems Navigation systems Vocie control Vocie control Anti slip systems Anti slip systems Automated breaking systems Automated breaking systems

17. Encourage use of simulations and simulator based design of support systems

18. The simulator facility at LIU

19. Control room Control room