1. School Counseling History  Frank Parsons promoted vocational guidance services in the school.s  The first school guidance program was developed by Jessie Davis.  First called guidance, it is now called counseling or psychoeducation.  National Defense Education Act allocated funding for colleges and universities to educate school counselors.  School counseling is the largest specialty within the counseling profession. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

2. School Counseling History  1960’s: The focus of school counseling shifted to a developmental approach.  1970’s: The developmental perspective expanded to included K-12.  1975: Education for All Handicapped Children expanded the school counselor role to include: Testing and placement.  1984: Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act was passed to aid students with vocational concerns. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

3. School Counseling Qualifications of School Counselors  Current standards as specified by the Counsel for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) 1993 is: –48 hour Mater’s degree that includes practicum and internship. An extensive content area must also be covered “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004” Professional orientationHelping relationships Counseling theoriesHuman development Social and cultural foundationsGroup counseling Career and lifestyle counselingAppraisal, research and evaluation School counselingConsultation

4. School Counseling Core Principles  School counseling needs to be an independent school program with a defined counseling curriculum that includes program objectives and outcomes.  School counseling needs to be an integrated part of the district’s total educational program and not just an add on.  School counseling programs need to be developmental with a life-span perspective.  School counseling services need to be offered to every student without discrimination. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

5. School Counseling Types of Program Interventions  Direct Services: Individual and group counseling and classroom guidance/psychological education.  Indirect Services: Consultation with teachers and parents and coordination of functions or services.  Other Services: Clerical work.  It is recommended that school counselors spend at least 75% of their time in direct services. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

6. School Counseling Direct Services  Individual and Group Counseling: Promotes students’ personal and social growth and enhances career and educational development.  Classroom Guidance/Psychological Education: A structured unit related to prevention or developmental needs. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

7. School Counseling Indirect Services  Consultation: Working with teachers, staff and parents to help with interactions with children This may be done through seminars, workshops, conferences or on a one-to-one basis.  Coordination: When the counselor takes a leadership role in coordinating counseling services within the school or district. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

8. School Counseling Developmental School Counseling  This approach is more preventative, wellness-oriented, and proactive.  Skills and experiences for student success have been identified and have been related to specific skills, behaviors and tasks.  Classroom guidance activities are aimed to teach these skills and behaviors.  It is geared to work within the developmental growth of the students. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

9. School Counseling Elementary School Counseling  1964 National Defense Education Act extended counseling services to the elementary schools.  Focuses on remediation, prevention and enhancement of skills.  Focuses also on youth at risk.  The belief is to nip in the bud self-defeating or adverse behaviors before they become set patterns. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

10. School Counseling Middle and High School  The American School Counselor Association (ASCA) recommends there be no more than 400 students per school counselor at this level.  Counselors work on skills-based programs that are designed to help adolescents deal with the developmental tasks associated with adolescence.  There is an emphasis on career development at well. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

11. School Counseling School Assistance Programs  Some schools contract out to provide additional services not covered by school counselors.  Some schools are establishing ancillary programs in the schools such as the Student Assistance Program (SAP) which is designed for youth at risk for drugs, alcohol and other substances.  Some schools have hired an in-house Student Assistance Team (SAT) to aid school counselors.  Counselors may be called in from the outside to help handle crises such as suicides. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

12. School Counseling Multicultural Counseling  Multicultural and diversity issues include all of the following: gender, skin color, size and shape, physical disability, socioeconomic status, emotional stability, academic aptitude, psychomotor ability, learning style, sexual preference and orientation, mentally disabled or mentally gifted and social skills.  For the above reasons, all school settings are multicultural settings. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

13. School Counseling Employment In Higher Education  Student Personnel Services: This includes admissions, recruitment, academic advising, registration, financial aid, records, residence hall and food services, health services, disability and veterans services, and career placement services.  College and University Counseling: Provides personal, educational and vocational counseling to students, faculty and staff. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

14. School Counseling Future Trends  School counseling is considered by some to be on the verge of becoming obsolete because many feel it is an “extra” that should be eliminated when budgets get tight.  Outcome research may become more important for school counselors to “prove” how much they are needed in the schools.  School counselors will need to spend more time promoting the profession and become more proactive in their roles. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”