1. Chapter 6 Body and Behavior

2. Section 1 - Objective - Understand that the nervous sys- tem helps us know how messages that are sent to and from the brain cause behavior. The Nervous System: The Basic Structure

4. Vocabulary that needs some meaning! Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Neurons Neurons Synapse Synapse

5. Diagram a Neuron Dendrites Nucleus Cell Body Myelin Sheath Axon Axon Terminal

6. Explain what each piece of a Neuron does. Dendrites  receives & transmits messages Dendrites  receives & transmits messages Axon  carries signal from body to the axon terminal Axon  carries signal from body to the axon terminal Axon Terminal  receives impulse from axon & releases neurotransmitters to stimulate dendrites. Axon Terminal  receives impulse from axon & releases neurotransmitters to stimulate dendrites. Myelin Sheath  insulates & protects axon Myelin Sheath  insulates & protects axon

7. What are Neurotransmitters? Give Examples. Definition  Chemicals released by neurons, which determines the rate at which other neurons fire. Examples: -Norepinephire: used to treat depression and helps with memory and learning -Endorphin: Inhibits pain, can give a feeling like being high -Acetylcholine: used to treat paralysis/alzheimer, helps with movement and memory -Dopamine: helps with learning, emotional arousal & movement. To much leads to schizophrenia and to little to parkinson’s disease -Serotonin: regulates mood, to little leads to depression

8. Briefly describe Neuron activity. Ascending  carries impulses to brain Ascending  carries impulses to brain Descending  carries motor impulses from brain Descending  carries motor impulses from brain Afferent (Sensory) Neurons  relay messages from sense organs to the brain Afferent (Sensory) Neurons  relay messages from sense organs to the brain Efferent (Motor) Neurons  send signals from brain to glands & muscles Efferent (Motor) Neurons  send signals from brain to glands & muscles Interneurons  process signals, connecting only to other neurons Interneurons  process signals, connecting only to other neurons

9. What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system and what do they do? Sympathetic  Prepares body for emergencies & strenuous activity. Sympathetic  Prepares body for emergencies & strenuous activity. All is done automatically All is done automatically Speeds up heart rate, increases oxygen to muscle tissue, increase blood pressure and suspends other activities Speeds up heart rate, increases oxygen to muscle tissue, increase blood pressure and suspends other activities

10. What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system and what do they do? Parasympathetic  conserves energy and enhances recovery Parasympathetic  conserves energy and enhances recovery All happens automatically. All happens automatically. Lowers blood pressure and heart rate to stabilize body. Lowers blood pressure and heart rate to stabilize body. Prepares body for recovery. Prepares body for recovery.

11. Construct a graphic organizer of the nervous system. Nervous SystemPeripheral Somatic- controls voluntary muscles Autonomic- controls involuntary muscles Sympathetic- expends energy Parasympathetic- conserves energy Central Brain and Spinal Cord

12. Section 1 Recap ■ The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. ■ The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. ■ Messages to and from the brain travel along the nerves. ■ Messages to and from the brain travel along the nerves. ■ Nerve cells called neurons have three basic parts: the cell body, dendrites, and the axon. ■ Nerve cells called neurons have three basic parts: the cell body, dendrites, and the axon. ■ The somatic nervous system controls the body’s voluntary activities, and the autonomic nervous system controls the body’s involuntary activities. ■ The somatic nervous system controls the body’s voluntary activities, and the autonomic nervous system controls the body’s involuntary activities. Main Idea: Learning about the nervous system helps us know how messages that are sent to the brain cause behavior.

13. Section 2 - Objective Discuss the many parts of the brain that work together to coordinate movement and stimulate thinking and emotions. Discuss the many parts of the brain that work together to coordinate movement and stimulate thinking and emotions. Studying the Brain

15. Vocab words that need some defining. Parts of the Brian Hindbrain Hindbrain Midbrain Midbrain Forebrain Forebrain Lobes Lobes Tests Electroencephalograp h (EEG) Electroencephalograp h (EEG) Computerized axial tomography (CT) Computerized axial tomography (CT) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

16. Diagram the parts of the brain. See also Figure 6.5 on page 161

17. What do each of the following control? Cerebellum  Posture, Balance, & voluntary moves Cerebellum  Posture, Balance, & voluntary moves Medulla  Breathing, Heart-rate, Reflexes Medulla  Breathing, Heart-rate, Reflexes Pons  Bridges spinal cord & brain, produces chemicals for sleep Pons  Bridges spinal cord & brain, produces chemicals for sleep Midbrain  RAS alert brain to incoming signals & regulates sleep/wake cycle Midbrain  RAS alert brain to incoming signals & regulates sleep/wake cycle Thalamus  relay station for info to cortex from eyes, ear & skin Thalamus  relay station for info to cortex from eyes, ear & skin

18. What do each of the following control? Hypothalamus  controls hunger, thirst, temperature change & sexual arousal Hypothalamus  controls hunger, thirst, temperature change & sexual arousal Cerebral Cortex  allows learning, stores complex & abstract info, projects thinking into the future, allows you to see, read, and understand words Cerebral Cortex  allows learning, stores complex & abstract info, projects thinking into the future, allows you to see, read, and understand words Cortext  conscious thinking process Cortext  conscious thinking process Limbic System  regulates emotion & motivation, made up of the Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Thalamus, & Hippocampus Limbic System  regulates emotion & motivation, made up of the Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Thalamus, & Hippocampus

19. What do each of the following control? Amygdala  controls rage & fear Amygdala  controls rage & fear Hippocampus  forms memories Hippocampus  forms memories Cerebrum  covers limbic system Cerebrum  covers limbic system

20. Diagram the Cerebral Cortex. Explain the parts. See figure 6.6 on page 162

21. What is each side of the brain responsible for? Left Side Movement on the right side of the body Movement on the right side of the body Verbal communication (Speech) Verbal communication (Speech) Math Math Logic Logic Right Side Movement on the left side of the body Movement on the left side of the body Visual & spatial relations Visual & spatial relations Perceptual task Perceptual task Recognizing patterns Recognizing patterns Creativity Creativity Intuition Intuition

22. What conclusions were drawn from experiments done on people with split brain injuries? Each hemisphere is unique with specialized functions and skills. Most people remained unchanged in intelligence, personality, and emotions. Each hemisphere is unique with specialized functions and skills. Most people remained unchanged in intelligence, personality, and emotions.

23. Give examples of how psychologists study the brain. Explain each. Recording  Using EEG electrical impulses and neuron activity are monitored Recording  Using EEG electrical impulses and neuron activity are monitored Stimulation  Electric impulses are used on various parts of the brain to stimulate and/or alter behavior Stimulation  Electric impulses are used on various parts of the brain to stimulate and/or alter behavior Lesions  Destroying parts of the brain to alter behavior Lesions  Destroying parts of the brain to alter behavior Accidents  studying the brain after trama in order to explain behavior changes Accidents  studying the brain after trama in order to explain behavior changes Images  researchers use various techniques to views the brain and look for activity and/or activity Images  researchers use various techniques to views the brain and look for activity and/or activity

24. Section 2 Recap ■ The brain is made of three parts: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. ■ The brain is made of three parts: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. ■ The cortex of the brain is divided into the left and the right hemispheres; the left hemisphere controls the movements of the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the movements of the left side of the body. ■ The cortex of the brain is divided into the left and the right hemispheres; the left hemisphere controls the movements of the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the movements of the left side of the body. ■ Psychologists use recording, stimulation, lesions, and imaging to study the brain. ■ Psychologists use recording, stimulation, lesions, and imaging to study the brain. Main Idea: There are many parts in the human brain that work together to coordinate movement and stimulate thinking and emotions, resulting in behavior.

25. Section 3 - Objective Explain how the endocrine system controls and excites growth and affects emotions and behavior. Explain how the endocrine system controls and excites growth and affects emotions and behavior. The Endocrine System

27. Define the following vocab words, they will not do it themselves. Endocrine System Endocrine System Hormones Hormones Pituitary Gland Pituitary Gland

28. What is the Thyroid Gland responsible for controlling? Energy Level Energy Level Metabolism Metabolism

29. What does the adrenal gland do? Produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. Produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. These increase heart rate and breathing, heighten emotions (fear/anxiety) and produce extra energy. These increase heart rate and breathing, heighten emotions (fear/anxiety) and produce extra energy. See also the above movie

30. Changes in Sexes at Puberty Males Testes Testes Testosterone Testosterone Prenatal  Decides sex of child Prenatal  Decides sex of child Adolescence  Muscle growth & sex characteristics Adolescence  Muscle growth & sex characteristics Females Ovaries Ovaries Estrogen & Progesterone Estrogen & Progesterone Adolescence  Develop sex characteristics, regulate menstrual cycle, cause PMS Adolescence  Develop sex characteristics, regulate menstrual cycle, cause PMS Sex organs Hormones Importance of Hormones

31. How are neurotransmitters and hormones different? Neurotransmitters stimulate the cell they are released next to, while hormones are released into the blood stream and carried thus. Neurotransmitters stimulate the cell they are released next to, while hormones are released into the blood stream and carried thus.

32. Section 3 Recap ■ The endocrine system, in addition to the nervous system, is a communication system for sending information to and from the brain. ■ The endocrine system, in addition to the nervous system, is a communication system for sending information to and from the brain. ■ The endocrine system sends chemical messages, called hormones. ■ The endocrine system sends chemical messages, called hormones. Main Idea: The endocrine system controls and excites growth and affects emotions and behavior in people.

33. Section 4 - Objective Identify heredity and environment and analyze how they affect your body and behavior. Identify heredity and environment and analyze how they affect your body and behavior. Heredity and Environment

35. Special words you should know how to use. Heredity Heredity Identical Twins Identical Twins Genes Genes Fraternal Twins Fraternal Twins

36. Briefly explain the nature vs nurture argument.

37. What does the study of the “Jim” twins tell us? Heredity heavily influences behaviors. If one is to change an inherited behavior much work will need to be done to accomplish this.

38. Section 4 Recap ■ Heredity is the genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to their offspring. ■ Heredity is the genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to their offspring. ■ Genes are the basic units of heredity; they are reproduced and passed along from parents to child. ■ Genes are the basic units of heredity; they are reproduced and passed along from parents to child. ■ All the effects that genes have on behavior occur through their role in building and modifying the physical structures of the body. ■ All the effects that genes have on behavior occur through their role in building and modifying the physical structures of the body. Main Idea: Heredity is the transmission of characteristics from parents to children. Environment is the world around you. Heredity and environment affect your body and behavior.