1. CONSCIOUSNESS

2. Functions of Consciousness Consciousness monitors –self –environment Consciousness regulates –thought –behavior

3. Consciousness The subjective awareness of mental events. –Thoughts –Feelings –Perceptions States of consciousness –Qualitatively different patterns of subjective experience Selective inattention –Selectively diverting our attention away from information that may upset us

4. Psychodynamic Unconscious Freud’s model includes: Conscious mental processes –Subjective awareness of stimuli, feelings, ideas (my voice) Preconscious mental processes –Not presently conscious but could be quickly brought into consciousness (your first kiss with a non-relative) Unconscious mental processes –Inaccessible to consciousness as they are too anxiety provoking (sexual abuse when you were a young child)

5. Unconscious Motivation Our ability to be driven by motives of which we are not consciously aware of Cognitive Unconscious –Information-processing mechanisms that operate outside of our awareness Procedural Knowledge –Shift gears on a manual transmission in your car Implicit Memory –How to get on a bicycle

6. Attention & Selection Attention –Process of focusing consciousness awareness Selection –Deciding where to focus External stimuli Internal motivation

7. Divided Attention Involves attempts to follow two sources of stimuli at the same time –Drive –Talk on cell phone

8. Mindlessness “Attention not paid precisely to those substantive elements that are relevant for the successful resolution of the situation” Ellen Langer Three types –Categorical Thinking (Stereotyping) –Act from a single perspective (Rigid adherence) –Automatic behaviors or habits

9. Location of Consciousness Consciousness involves a network of neurons distributed through out the brain Damage to hindbrain structures, especially the RAS, can lead to total loss of consciousness

10. Sleeping and Dreaming Sleep involves a lack of conscious awareness We differ on the amount of sleep we need –Average range is 6-8 hours per night Circadian Rhythms –Biological cycle of sleep and waking –Controlled by the hypothalamus

11. Sleep Deprivation & Disorders Sleep deprivation is considered a form of torture Negative impact on immune system Inability to stay alert Sleep Diseases include: –Narcolepsy-Sleep attacks during conscious states –Sleep Apnea-Brief periods of not breathing –Night Terrors- Wake up with intense fear

12. Insomnia Insomnia involves the inability to sleep Impacts all of us at some point How to control for insomnia –Avoid sleeping too much, especially during the day –Do not try to force sleep –Avoid bright lights or ticking clocks near bed –Avoid physical exercise late at night –Avoid caffeine & alcohol before going to bed –Don’t eat a large meal before going to bed

13. Stages of Sleep Regular and predictable stages of sleep involving brain waves measured with EEG monitors Two types of brain waves –Beta Waves=High frequency & low amplitude –Alpha Waves= Low frequency & higher amplitude

14. Stages of Sleep Stage I –Brief (few minutes) –Beta waves decrease and alpha waves emerge Stage II –Sleep spindles and K-complexes show up –Sleep deepens and alpha waves disappear Stage III –Large slow rhythmic delta waves show up Stage 4 –When more than 50% of brain activity is delta waves

15. REM Sleep R apid E ye M ovement (REM) Sleep also called paradoxical stage of sleep Occurs when one re-ascends to Stage I sleep EEG resembles awake state and the eyes dart round in a rapid manner for several minutes Dreaming takes place in REM sleep

16. REM and non-REM Sleep The sleep cycle repeats over the course of a sleep cycle Stage I when dreaming = REM sleep Stages II, III, IV= Non REM sleep

17. Dreaming Psychodynamic View –Based on unconscious motives –Manifest Content What the person is actually dreaming –Falling off a mountain –Latent Content The meaning behind the manifest images –Fear of failing an important examination

18. Dreaming Cognitive View –Cognitive constructions that reflect concerns we experience while awake –A form of thought Biological View –Biological phenomena with no meaning at all –Random discharges of neurons

19. Altered States of Consciousness Meditation –Deep state of tranquility –Alter normal flow of conscious thought –Focus on a mantra and block out other thoughts Hypnosis –Deep relaxation and suggestibility –We differ widely on hypnotic susceptibility –You won’t do something under hypnosis that you would not do in a normal conscious state Chicken Dance Hit someone

20. Drugs, Alcohol & Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs –Drugs that operate on the nervous system –Cocaine, Ecstasy & LSD Alcohol –Depressant –Barbiturates –Calming effect

21. Stimulants –Energize –Increase heart rate and blood pressure Nicotine & Caffeine are common stimulants Cocaine & Amphetamines –Hyper rush –Very addictive

22. Stimulants Hallucinogens –Alter interpretation of sensory information –Produce bizarre perceptions –Can do serious, and irreversible, damage to brain cells Marijuana –Manipulates dopamine reward circuits in the brain –Current product is much stronger than your parents marijuana as a result of decades of product enhancement