1. States of Consciousness
Chapter 5
States of Consciousness

2. Levels of Consciousness
Preconscious
Nonconscious
Nonconscious
Unconscious

3. Levels of Consciousness
Conscious – Brain process of which we are aware.
Subjective and illusive.
Nonconscious – Brain process that does not involve conscious processing.
Heart rate, breathing, control of internal organs.

4. The Nonconscious Mind
Preconscious – Information that is not currently in consciousness, but can be brought into consciousness if attention is called to it.
Unconscious – Many levels of processing that occur without awareness.

5. Consciousness Cognitive Neuroscience –
An interdisciplinary field involving cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists from other fields who are interested in the connection between mental processes and the brain.
Sleeping
Dreaming
Hypnosis
Drug-altered consciousness

6. Views of Consciousness
Structuralists- used introspection, which asked people to reflect and report on their own conscious experience.
Behaviorists- John Watson, stated that mental processes were little more than a by-product of our actions.
Functionalists- William James, consciousness is a flowing stream of ever-changing sensations, perceptions, thoughts, memories, feelings, motives, and desires.

7. Views of Consciousness
Freud:
Psychoanalytic theory – powerful unconscious forces actively work to block (or repress) sexual desires and traumatic memories.
We chose mates who are, on an unconscious level, just substitutes for our fathers and mothers.
“Freudian slip”

8. Sleep and Dreaming
Circadian rhythms – Psychological patterns that repeat approximately every 24 hours.
Jet lag – a period of discomfort and inefficiency while your internal clock is out of phase with your surroundings.

9. The Sleep Cycle

10. Stages of Sleep Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep
A stage of sleep that occurs approximately every 90 minutes, marked by bursts of rapid eye movements.

12. REM Sleep
Sleep paralysis – a condition in which a sleeper is unable to move any of the voluntary muscles, except those controlling the eyes.
REM rebound – a condition of increased REM sleep caused by REM deprivation.

13. WHY DO WE SLEEP???
With someone seated near you, brainstorm 3 different reasons. 1. 2. 3.

14. The Function of Sleep Possible functions of sleep include:
1. Restorative; “allows us to charge our batteries.”
2. Type of primitive hibernation; we sleep to conserve energy.
3. Adaptive process; sleep keeps us out of harms way.
4. Sleep helps us clear our minds of useless information.
5. We sleep to dream.

15. The Need for Sleep
Over the years, the need for REM sleep decreases considerably, while the need for NREM sleep diminishes less sharply.

16. What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness?
Daydreaming – A common variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation.

17. Sleep Cycles During the Night
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Measures and amplifies slight electrical changes on the scalp that reflect brain activity.

18.                 
These lines represent the EEG which shows a record of brain activity; the EMG shows muscle activity; the EOG shows eye movements. Look at the differences in the EEG, EMG and EOG during waking, REM sleep, and NREM sleep.

19. The Need for Sleep
Sleep debt – Deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning.
A big sleep debt “makes you stupid.”

20. Why We Dream Sleep Scientists:
Dreams may be necessary for healthy brain functioning.
Dreams are meaningful mental events.
Dreams are the brains random activity during sleep.

21. Dreams as Meaningful Events
Freud:
“Dreams represent the royal road to the unconscious.”
Believed dreams served 2 purposes:
1. To guard sleep
2. To serve as sources of wish fulfillment.

22. Freud’s Approach
Manifest Content – the content that appears on the surface; taken at face value.
Latent Content – the symbolic meaning of objects and events in a dream.

23. Dreams as Random Brain Activity
Activation-synthesis theory – Theory that dreams begin with random electrical activation coming from brain stem; dreams are brain’s attempt to make sense of this random activity.
Flying dreams?
Motionless dreams?

24. Sleep Disorders

25. Sleep Disorders
INSOMNIA – failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel well rested the next day.
1/3 of adults suffer from this condition

26. Sleep Disorders
SLEEP APNEA – a respiratory disorder in which the person intermittently stops breathing many times while asleep.

27. Abnormalities of Sleep
Nightmare
An unpleasant dream.
Occurs during REM
Night Terror
The screaming of a child in deep sleep who once awakened, has no memory of what mental events might have caused the fear.
More common in young children.
Occurs during Stage 4

28. Sleep Disorders
NARCOLEPSY – a condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep, or at least feeling very sleepy, during the day
Cataplexy – Sudden loss of muscle control that occurs before a narcoleptic sleep attack.

29. Hypnosis

30. Hypnosis
An induced state of altered awareness, characterized by heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and highly focused attention.

31. Hypnosis can… Produce relaxation Increase concentration
Promote temporary changes in behavior

32. Uses for Hypnosis Hypnosis can have practical uses for:
Psychological treatment
Medical and dental treatment
Hypnotic analgesia – Diminished sensitivity to pain while under hypnosis.

34. Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Suggestion – A suggestion to do or experience something particular after coming out of hypnosis.
Posthypnotic Amnesia - Therapist can induce the patient to forget events that occurred during or before the hypnotic session.

35. Meditation Meditation –
Form of consciousness change induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions and minimizing external stimulation.
“Empty one’s mind.”

36. Meditation Transcendental Meditation Mindfulness Meditation
Mental repetition of a mantra
Mindfulness Meditation
Focuses on the present moment
Breath Meditation
Concentration on one’s respiration (process of inhaling and exhaling)

37. Psychoactive Drugs

38. Psychoactive Drug States
Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the central nervous system.
Hallucinogens
Opiates
Depressants
Stimulants

39. Hallucinogens
Alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness.
Also called psychedelics.
Mescaline
Psilocybin (“shrooms”)
LSD (“acid”)
PCP (“angel dust”)
Cannabis (“weed”)

40. Opiates
Highly addictive; produce a sense of well-being and have strong pain-relieving properties.
Morphine (analgesic)
Codeine (painkiller)
Heroin (most addictive)
Methadone (anti-addictive)

41. Depressants
Slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system.
Barbiturates (sedative)
Benzodiazepines
(anti-anxiety)
Alcohol
(1st psychoactive drug)

42. Alcohol
Excessive use can damage the liver and other organs, prolong medical conditions, and impair memory and motor control.
About 15 million Americans struggle with alcohol abuse.

43. Stimulants
Arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses.
Cocaine
Crack
Amphetamines (speed)
MDMA (ecstasy)
Caffeine
Nicotine

44. Dependence and Addiction
Tolerance – the reduced effectiveness a drug has after repeated use.
Physical dependence – A process by which the body adjusts to, and comes to need, a drug for its everyday functioning.

45. Dependence and Addiction
Addiction– a condition in which a person continues to use a drug despite its aversive effects.
physical or psychological dependence
Withdrawal – a pattern of uncomfortable or painful symptoms experienced by the user when the level of a drug is decreased or eliminated.