1. EXAM 2 REVIEW SESSION Psych 101B: Professor Osterhout

2. Subjects Covered Sensation & Perception (Ch. 6 p. 216-243) Consciousness (Ch. 3 p. 86-109) Learning (Ch. 7 p. 266-288) Language (Ch. 9 p. 349-359)

3. Sensation & Perception Sensation: Passive process by which stimuli are received by the sensory systems Perception: the active process by which the brain interprets the sensory information How many senses?  8! vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, temperature, pain, balance

4. Sensation & Perception Types of receptor cells  Photoreceptor – sensitive to photons  Vision  Chemoreceptor – sensitive to molecules  Smell  Taste  Mechanoreceptor – sensitive to pressure  Touch  Hearing  Balance  Thermoreceptors – sensitive to heat  Temperature  Nocireceptors – sensitive to painful stimuli  Pain (fast & slow)

5. Sensation & Perception Sensory Receptors Transduction: sensations  neural impulses Interpretation Conscious Perception

6. Vision Fovea: Center of visual field Pupil: hole in middle of iris Neurons in Retina:  Cones  Day vision  Sensitive to wavelength, color  Rods  Night vision  Sensitive to amplitude, brightness  Detecting motion

7. Perception Requires experience in the world  Depth Perception  Binocular cues Retinal disparity – eyes are set apart Convergence – inward turn when viewing a near object  Perceptual organization Figure-ground discrimination Grouping Close objects/similar objects together Closure Filling in gaps Context!

8. Sleep Sleep deprivation in rats: died after ~4 weeks Dinges: Huge sleep reduction study  Subjects sleep 4, 6, 8 hours per night  Given psychomotor and working memory tasks  Results: Sleep Deprivation is bad!  After 2 weeks, compared to being legally drunk Circadian Rhythms  ~24 hours(ish) independent of day/night cues  Artificial light disrupts rhythms  Recent discovery: Depend on photoreceptors in small % of ganglion cells in retina

9. Sleep EEG: Measures brain’s electrical activity States of sleep:

10. Sleep REM  EEG looks like awake, increase in heart rate, respiration  Rapid eye movements  Paralysis of volunary muscles  Dreams

11. Sleep Sleep Disorders to Review  Insomnia  Chronic inability to get sufficient sleep  Narcolepsy  Irresistible sleep attacks during the day  Sleep apnea  Cessation of breathing while sleeping  SIDS  Infant ceases breathing and dies in night- cause unknown  Sleep walking/talking etc  Stages 3 and 4  Night terrors  Stage 4 sleep  REM-Behavior Disorder  No paralysis

12. Dreams Freud’s Theory of dreams  Remember theory of personality: Id, Ego and Superego Hobson’s Theory of dreams  Brain activates itself via the:  “Reticular Activating System”

13. Learning Classical Conditioning: a neutral stimulus, through association, takes on some of the psychological properties of a second stimulus  UCS, UCR  CS, CR  Food (UCS)  Slobber (UCR)  Bell (CS) & food (UCS)  Slobber (UCR)  Eventually bell (CS)  Slobber (CR)  Acquisition  Extinction  Generalization  Discrimination

14. Learning Operant Conditioning: learning occurs as a result of the consequences of behavior Reinforcement: any consequence that makes prior behavior more likely to occur  Positive and negative  Schedules  Continuous  Partial (pg. 278-79) Interval, ratio Punishment: any consequence that makes prior behavior less likely to occur

15. Learning Long Term Potentiation:  a long lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons  Improves the postsynaptic cells sensitivity to signals received from the presynaptic cell

16. Language Human Language:  1. Compositional  A. Phonemes- units of sound (English- 45) Ex. K ae t = cat  B. words- units of meaning  C. sentences- units of structure  2. 3 level system  Sounds (phonemes, words)  sentences  meaning  Syntax: rules that govern how words can be combined to form sentences  3. infinite # of possible sentences  Results from RECURSIVE nature of syntactic rules

17. Language Language Acquisition and stages of development  Babbling (5-12 mths)  Non-syllabic babbling (5-7 mths)- baby begins to play with sounds “clicks, hums, smacks”  Syllabic babbling (7-8 mths)- baby begins to produce real syllables “deedeedee” “babababa”  Gibberish babbling (8-12 mths)- baby mixes syllables, really cute ‘speech’ results “da-dee”  One-word utterance stage (12-18 mths)  Initially, the child learns about 50 important words Food: juice, cookie Body parts: eye nose Toys: doll, block People: mama, dada, baby Action words: up, down, eat, go Modifiers: hot, allgone, more, dirty Social interaction: hi, bye-bye, yes, no