2.  1. Composed of a phospholipid bi-layer. Permeable to polar materials, non-polar materials must pass through channels.

3. http://www.wisc- online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP110 1

5.  Osmosis- diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.  Review: diffusion is the movement of materials from a area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.  Concentration gradient: If 2 solutions are separated by a semi permeable membrane the water will flow to the side where water concentration is the lowest.

9.  Three forms: ◦ Diffusion ◦ Facilitated diffusion (using a pore protein like water) ◦ Osmosis (diffusion of water) high low Weeee!!!

10.  Three Forms: ◦ Protein Pumps- Channel proteins ◦ Exocytosis- things exit out of cell ◦ Endocytosis- things taken into the cell high low This is gonna be hard work!!

11.  Exocytosis- expulsion or sercretion of large molecules. Ex. Waste  Endocytosis- Cell surrounds and takes in material from environment.

12.  Leader of the cell b/c it contains the directions to make proteins  EVERY part of the cell depends on protein  Covered by a nuclear envelope or membrane separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.\

13.  Master set of directions for making proteins is contained in CHROMATIN- strands of the genetic material DNA.

14.  Nucleolus  organelle within the nucleus that makes ribosomes.  Ribosomes  Site where cells produce proteins according to DNA directions  ribosomes

15.  For proteins to be made, ribosomes must leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm where the DNA blueprints are turned into protein.  CYTOPLASM  Clear gelatinous fluid within the cell. Ribosomes go through the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm

16.  1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- Site of cellular chemical reactions (metabolism)  Smooth ER- has no ribosomes and looks looks smooth.  Rough ER- studded with ribosomes and and and is therefore the site of protein synthesis.

17.  Golgi Apparatus: “POST OFFICE” Flattened stack of tubular membranes that packs sorts and delivers proteins to their appropriate destinations with VESICLES.

18.  Membrane bound compartments for temporary storage of enzymes or materials needed by the cell. Usually water in a plant

19.  Lysosomes- organelles containing digestive enzymes (lyse= to break). Breaks down worn out organelles, food particles, viruses, bacteria. Membrane important to protect cell from being digested.  Can fuse with vacuole and digest its contents.

20.  Detoxify harmful substances that enter the cell.  Seen especially in kidney and liver  Contain peroxidase and catalase (some chemical reactions in the body create hydrogen peroxide which is toxic to cells. Peroxidase breaks this down.

22.  EVERYTHING we have talked about within the cell needs energy. In humans this is provided by ◦ MITOCHONDRIA

23.  Membrane bound organelles in plants and animals that transform energy for the cell.  Energy is stored in the bonds of other molecules that cell organelles can easily access as needed.

24.  Outer membrane  Inner membrane highly folded to increase surface area for storage of energy molecules.  Muscle cells have up to 2000 mitochodria in one cell!

25.  Cytoskeleton- framework for the cell. Initially thought that the organelles floated in cytoplasm.  Network of  1.Microtubules-thin Hallow cylinders made Of protein. 2. Microfilaments- small Solid protein fibers

26.  Forms a SCAFFOLD that ◦ Maintains cell shape ◦ Anchors and supports organelles ◦ Highway system for organelles

27.  Centrioles:  Cell organelles found in Animals and most protists. Occur in pairs.  Made of microtubules  Important to cell division

28.  Made of microtubules that aide the cell in locomotion and feeding. Major means of locomotion in unicellular organisms.  Cilia- short, hair-like ◦ Rowboat motion  Flagella- long whip-like movement

29.  Desmosomes ◦ Fibrous connections between cells

30.  Gap junctions- connections through a channel.

31.  Tight Junctions- cells tied together

33.  1. If the liver stores and releases glycogen (glucose) what type of organelles would it have a lot of?  2. What organelle would a muscle need a great deal of?  3. The adrenal gland produces hormones (which are made of protein and lipids). What organelle/s would it have a lot of?