1. 4. Time Study
The major objective of this chapter is to learn how to calculate a time standard based on stopwatch time study procedures.

2. Time Study
A process for measuring the required time for performing a given task, by a given method, by a trained worker, working in a normal pace.
Why needed?
For methods improvement
For determining time standards

3. Needs for Time Standard
Developing schedules
Determining wage payment plans
Estimating production costs
Providing a base for estimating productivity goals
Appraising employee performance
Evaluating alternative process, equipment
Why is time study useful? Ask students to imagine a production plant setting.
Use the quick change of tires as example.

4. Methods for Creating Time Standards
Direct time study
Cyclic work
Non cyclic work
Work sampling
Synthetic data
Predetermined times

5. Direct Time Study - Tools

6. Direct Time Study Methods improvement
Selection of the examined workers
Explanation (union, managers, workers)
Collecting and recording information
Task division into elements

7. Methodology Who to choose? Can you suggest a better method?
Select an Average Worker (What is average?)
Experienced operator
Normal pace
Consistency (well defined, understood by all)
No undue strain for entire day (speed/effort)
Pace that should be performed, not average of current rate
Rating accuracy
Worker acceptance
Can you suggest a better method?
Who do we choose? What do you mean by average?
Experienced as opposed to novice.
Normal pace as to the pace that should be performed not what is being performed.
Hawthorne effects: Workers may think that they are being measure and work harder than usual.
Alternatively, workers may try to confuse the analysts by working slower or inconsistently.
PFD allowances: personal, fatigue, and delay

8. Preparation for Timing
Identify the TASK/ CYCLE to be studied before time study
Analyze the Complete Task
Method
Layout of workplace
Equipment used
Environmental conditions
Machine speeds and feeds
Inspection equipment
Communications with foreman, workers
Documents for process, task instructions
Establish relationship
Elemental analysis
Break task into elements
Look at the pit crew change tire video again. Ask students what they should do if they are asked to Analyze the process.
Talk about to foreman, introduce you to workers/subjects, get information on written instructions, manual, and other documents that are useful. Compare written documents with reality. Forming a good impression and relationship with foreman, and workers are important to the success of time study. Remember, you are studying human, not some machine. Human have feelings, motivations, and has volitions.

9. Fundamental definitions
What is an ELEMENT?
Element is a component of job or task that are logical divisions with easily identifiable starting and end points, and are repeated on a regular basis
What is a CYCLE?
Cycle is the completion of the activities (elements) required to perform the job under study.

10. Element Analysis
Every element must have an easily identifiable starting and ending point (breakpoints)
No discontinuities between elements
Elements times: 0.04min (short), 0.25min (reasonable)
Relative frequency must be included

11. Timing Methods Continuous Snapback
Advantage: Clock never stops, no time omitted
Disadvantage: observer does not know at the job how individual elements vary
Snapback
Advantage: Observer can note individual variability within an element and eliminate substraction
Disadvantages: difficult to coordinate eye, watch and task! Especially when operations are short

12. Determining Number of Cycles
Time measurement
Measuring time of each element
The number of observation of each element depends on the significance level and required level of accuracy

13. Recommended number of cycles/observations

14. Maytag Company Approach

16. Rules for Performing Time Study
Don’t comment to the worker during the task
Stand (don’t sit) beside the worker
Write every event (even though it may seems not important)
Have a good position to observe
Stop the study if the worker seems to be under pressure and it affects his/her work

17. Time Study On Cyclic Work
Rating evaluation may be written once in a couple of cycles
Elements times: 0.04min (short), 0.25min (reasonable)
Denoting non-cyclic elements
The breakpoint between elements should be clear (touch, push, etc.).

18. Types of Elements Manual/machine (determines the task duration)
Cyclic/non cyclic
Fixed time/ variable time (i.e. loading time as a function of weight)
Avoidable/unavoidable unproductive elements (sometimes hard to identify)

19. Time Study on Non Cyclic Work
Use continuous timing
Divide the task into relatively large elements
Write the evaluated performance rate at the end of each element
Multiply the observed time with the rate and summarize the data

20. RATING FACTORS

21. Do we expect the average worker to work in normal rating ?

22. Rating Evaluation Methods
Subjective judgment
Practice by watching movies
For a study with long elements, rate each separately
Methods:
Speed rating
Westinghouse

23. Performance Rating Table (Westinghouse)

24. Criteria for Successful Speed Rating Evaluation
Experience in the class of work performed
Selection of an operator who gives performances between 85 and 115
Use of the average value of three or more independent studies

25. Elements of Allowances
Personal Need
Basic Fatigue
Variable Fatigue
Unavoidable Delays
Avoidable Delays
Extra Allowances
Constant Allowances
Special Allowances
Total Allowances Allowances +
Normal Time =
Standard Time

26. Standard Data Systems
Elemental times, based on previous time studies, which have been proven to be accurate and reliable.
Tabulated element standards that allow the measurement of a specific job without the use of timing devices.

27. Construction Cost Estimating
Given we have the plans for a new building, how much labor is needed and what will it be used for?

28. Punch Press Standard Data (40” strip)
Given we have a new part to run through the punch press, what will be the standard time for the part?

29. Advantages Over Direct Time Study
More consistent standards results
Duplicate time studies on similar operations are eliminated
Standards are established more rapidly
Less experienced analysts can calculate standards (use the formula not develop it)
Accurate labor costs and production times can be estimated before production begins

30. To Illustrate the development of standard data…
Model
Element

31. Possible Drivers Model NT 3/4/5 D1 D2 119 15.72 18.00 27.25

32. Correlation

33. Is there a relationship between D1 and the combined time for elements 30, 40, and 50?
n X1 X X1^2 X2^2 X1*X2
Sums
r =

34. Linear Regression Y X
Y = b0 + b1X

35. Standard Times for Machining Operations
How long will it take to drill a 1-inch hole through two inches of malleable cast iron?