1. Florida Institute of technologies ECE 5221 Personal Communication Systems Prepared by: Dr. Ivica Kostanic Lecture 2: Basics of cellular system architecture (Chapter 2.1 and 2.2) Spring 2011

2. Florida Institute of technologies Page 2  Outline of cellular system architecture  Elements of the cellular system architecture  Support for mobility – Handoff  Automatic roaming Outline Important note: Slides present summary of the results. Detailed derivations are given in notes.

3. Florida Institute of technologies Layout of the Cellular Comm. System Circuit switched part of cellular system

4. Florida Institute of technologies Mobile Subscriber Unit  Usually the only part of the system that users are aware of  Traditionally used for voice  Becoming more data centric  Performs any functions oVoice processing oCS/PS Call management oPacket data transfer  May be multi-band  May be multi-technology Block diagram of voice processing in mobile unit

5. Florida Institute of technologies Base Station Controller  Two implementations  Multiple BSCs  BSC within MSC  Responsibility of BSC  Radio resource management  Handoff between cells

6. Florida Institute of technologies Base Transceiver Station  Base station oBank of radios oResponsible for radio link between system and the mobile  Base station provides communication resources over given coverage area  The number of users that can be served = number of BTS resources  BTS connects to the core network (BSC) through T1/E1 lines  May be configured as omni- directional or sectored Block diagram of a base station

7. Florida Institute of technologies Base Station Antenna Configuration  Omnidirectional (Omni) Antennas  Coverage pattern is a circle  Usually located in low- traffic (rural) areas  Directional Antennas  Coverage directed to a specific area  Increase system capacity  60º, 90º and 120º are the most common

8. Florida Institute of technologies Base Station Coverage Classification  Coverage depends on;  transmit power  antenna gains  antenna height

9. Florida Institute of technologies Towers Monopole - 80’ - 150’ - small amount of land required - limited loading Self Supporting - 100’ - 300’ - heavy loading Guyed Tower - up to 1500’ - heavy loading can be a problem

10. Florida Institute of technologies Page 10 Circuit vs. packet switching  Legacy cellular technologies (1G and 2G)  are circuit switched  Dial-up type connections  A single user occupies a channel for the entire transmission  Requires time-oriented billing  GSM transmissions are bursty  Bursty nature favors data services  Modern cellular networks (3G and 4G) is packet switched technology  More appropriate for data services  Continuous flow is not required  Access is based on demand only  Several users can be multiplexed  Billing based on negotiated QoS and usage

11. Florida Institute of technologies Page 11 Cellular architecture CS/PS (2G->3G)

12. Florida Institute of technologies Handoff  Fundamental requirement for mobility support  Two types: hard handoff and soft handoff  Hard Handoff … ‘Break before make!’  Analog Handoff - obsolete  MAHO (Mobile Assisted Handoff)  Soft Handoff … ‘Make before break!’  currently just in CDMA systems  Soft handoff is MAHO  Type of implemented handoff depends on air interface technology

13. Florida Institute of technologies MAHO All modern technologies use MAHO

14. Florida Institute of technologies Hard HO and Soft HO  Type of handoff – function of air interface  Soft handoff more reliable  Soft handoff – resource intense Hard handoff Soft handoff

15. Florida Institute of technologies Automatic Roaming  Current location of a mobile – kept in a VLR  When mobile turns on – it registers  As a part of registration – HLR is updated with the current mobile’s VLR  When the mobile is called, based on the HLR entry, the call is located to the MSC of the mobile’s current VLR  The mobile is paged within the area or sub-area of current VLR