1. ECE 4450:427/527 - Computer Networks Spring 2015 Dr. Nghi Tran Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Lecture 5.3: Reliable Transmission Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 1

2. Link Layer: Five Common Problems Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 2 Basic problem: you can’t just send IP datagrams over the link! We first consider how to encode bits into the signal at the source and recover bits at the receiving node Once it is possible to transmit bits, we need to figure out how to package these bits into FRAME Assume each node is able to recognize the collections of bits making up a frame, the third problem is to determine if those bits are in error: Error Detection and Correction If frames arriving at destination contain errors, how to recover from such losses: ARQ Final problem related to multiple-access link: how mediate access to a shared link so that all nodes have a chance to transmit: We focus on Ethernet

3. Discussions Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 3 We have learned so far: Error Detection to detect errors in Frames Error Correction to correct errors in Frames But sometimes, errors are too severe to be corrected and corrupted frames must be discarded. Now we consider a link-level protocol to deal with this issue so that frames can be delivered reliably: – A combination of two fundamental mechanisms: Acknowledgement (ACK) and Timeout – Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ). – Error detection?

4. Acknowledgement Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 4 An acknowledgement (ACK for short) is a small control frame that a protocol sends back to its peer saying that it has received the earlier frame. – A control frame is a frame with header only (no data). The receipt of an acknowledgement indicates to the sender of the original frame that its frame was successfully delivered.

5. Timeout Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 5 If the sender does not receive an acknowledgment after a reasonable amount of time, then it retransmits the original frame. The action of waiting a reasonable amount of time is called a timeout. The general strategy of using acknowledgements and timeouts to implement reliable delivery is sometimes called Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ). We now study different ARQ algorithms. We shall use generic language, i.e., do not give detail about header fields.

6. Stop-and-Wait Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 6 Idea of stop-and-wait protocol is straightforward – After transmitting one frame, the sender waits for an acknowledgement before transmitting the next frame. – If the acknowledgement does not arrive after a certain period of time, the sender times out and retransmits the original frame

7. Stop-and-Wait Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 7 Let assume we transmit a frame. How many scenarios we can have with Stop-and-Wait?

8. Stop-and-Wait Protocol: Issue Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 8 ACK is lost or arrives after timeout: what happen?

9. Stop-and-Wait Protocol: Issue Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 9 How to deal with this issue: duplicate copies of frames will be delivered Use 1 bit sequence number (0 or 1) in the header When the sender retransmits frame 0, the receiver can determine that it is seeing a second copy of frame 0 rather than the first copy of frame 1 and therefore can ignore it (the receiver still acknowledges it, in case the first acknowledgement was lost)

10. Stop-and-Wait Protocol: Inefficiency Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 10 How many outstanding frames on the link at a time? – This may be far below the link’s capacity Consider a 1.5 Mbps link with a 45 ms RTT – The link has a delay  bandwidth product of 67.5 Kb or approximately 8 KB – Since the sender can send only one frame per RTT and assuming a frame size of 1 KB – Maximum Sending rate Bits per frame  Time per frame = 1024  8  0.045 = 182 Kbps Or about one-eighth of the link’s capacity – How can we use the link fully?

11. Sliding-Window Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 11 Main idea: Leave up to N frames unacknowledged at any given time: Sender ready to send (N+1)th frame at the same moment ACK for the first frame arrives first packet bit transmitted senderreceiver RTT last packet bit transmitted first packet bit arrives last packet bit arrives, send ACK ACK arrives, send next Packet

12. Sliding-Window Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 12 Main idea: Leave up to N frames/packets unacknowledged at any given time: Sender ready to send (N+1)th frame at the same moment ACK for the first frame arrives first packet bit transmitted senderreceiver RTT last bit transmitted first packet bit arrives last packet bit arrives, send ACK ACK arrives, send next packet last bit of 2 nd packet arrives, send ACK last bit of 3 rd packet arrives, send ACK

13. Sliding-Window Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 13 Perhaps the best known algorithm in computer networking: Need to understanding it thoroughly!!! It can be used to serve different roles in different layers: Reliable delivery at Link Layer Flow control: managing the rate of data transmission between two nodes to prevent a fast sender from outrunning a slow receiver TCP: Also reliable deliver We shall consider those later on

14. Sliding-Window Protocol: Algorithm Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 14 Sender assigns a sequence number denoted as SeqNum to each frame Sender maintains three variables – Sending Window Size (SWS) Upper bound on the number of outstanding (unacknowledged) frames that the sender can transmit – Last Acknowledgement Received (LAR) Sequence number of the last acknowledgement received – Last Frame Sent (LFS) Sequence number of the last frame sent Sender also maintains the following invariant LFS – LAR ≤ SWS

15. Sliding-Window Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 15 Sliding Window on Sender

16. Sliding-Window Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 16 When an acknowledgement arrives – the sender moves LAR to right, thereby allowing the sender to transmit another frame Also the sender associates a timer with each frame it transmits – It retransmits the frame if the timer expires before the ACK is received Note that the sender has to be willing to buffer up to SWS frames – WHY?

17. Sliding-Window Protocol: Example Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 17 first packet bit transmitted senderreceiver RTT last bit transmitted first packet bit arrives last packet bit arrives, send ACK ACK arrives, send next packet last bit of 2 nd packet arrives, send ACK last bit of 3 rd packet arrives, send ACK

18. Sliding-Window Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 18 Receiver maintains three variables – Receiving Window Size (RWS) Upper bound on the number of out-of-order frames that the receiver is willing to accept – Largest Acceptable Frame (LAF) Sequence number of the largest acceptable frame – Last Frame Received (LFR) Sequence number of the last frame received (and ACK to the sender)

19. Sliding-Window Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 19 Receiver also maintains the following invariant LAF – LFR ≤ RWS Sliding Window on Receiver

20. Sliding-Window Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 20 When a frame with sequence number SeqNum arrives, what does the receiver do? – If SeqNum ≤ LFR or SeqNum > LAF Discard it (the frame is outside the receiver window) – If LFR < SeqNum ≤ LAF Accept it Now the receiver needs to decide whether or not to send an ACK

21. Sliding-Window Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 21 – Let SeqNumToAck Denote the largest sequence number not yet acknowledged, such that all frames with sequence number less than or equal to SeqNumToAck have been received – The receiver acknowledges the receipt of SeqNumToAck. This acknowledgement is said to be cumulative. – The receiver then sets LFR = SeqNumToAck and adjusts LAF = LFR + RWS

22. Sliding-Window Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 22 For example, suppose LFR = 5 and RWS = 4 ->LAF = 9 (i.e. the last ACK that the receiver sent was for seq. no. 5) If frames 7 and 8 arrive, they will be buffered because they are within the receiver window But no ACK will be sent since frame 6 is yet to arrive Frames 7 and 8 are out of order Frame 6 arrives (it is late for some reason) Now Receiver Acknowledges Frame 8 and bumps LFR to 8 and LAF to 12

23. Sliding-Window Protocol: Issues Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 23 When timeout occurs, the amount of data in transit decreases – Since the sender is unable to advance its window When the packet loss occurs, this scheme is no longer keeping the pipe full – The longer it takes to notice that a packet loss has occurred, the more severe the problem becomes How to improve this – Negative Acknowledgement (NAK) – Additional Acknowledgement – Selective Acknowledgement

24. Sliding-Window Protocol: Issues Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 24 Negative Acknowledgement (NAK) – Receiver sends NAK for frame 6 as soon as frame 7 arrive (in the previous example) Additional Acknowledgement – Receiver sends additional ACK for frame 5 when frame 7 arrives Sender uses duplicate ACK as a clue for frame loss Selective Acknowledgement – Receiver will acknowledge exactly those frames it has received, rather than the highest number frames Receiver will acknowledge frames 7 and 8 Sender knows frame 6 is lost Sender can keep the pipe full, but…..??

25. Sliding-Window: Comment Settings Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 25 In practice, how to select SWS? Depending on a quite number of factors (which?) Now for RWS: RWS=1: Go-back-N protocol. But what does this mean if RWS=1? Should we set RWS>SWS? RWS=SWS with Selective ACK: Selective Repeat

26. Maximum Sequence Number MaxSeqNum Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 26 We already discussed Stop-and-Wait: We need only 1 bit-header: Two sequence numbers 0 and 1, and reuse them - MaxSeqNum=2; Now, for Sliding-Window Protocol: Should sequence numbers go to infinity? We have a finite sequence number: Example, 3-bit header: 8 sequences Need to reuse or wrap around So how we select MaxSeqNum?

27. Maximum Sequence Number MaxSeqNum Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 27 SWS + 1 ≤ MaxSeqNum – Is this sufficient? » Depends on RWS » If RWS = 1, then sufficient » If RWS = SWS, then not good enough For example, we have eight sequence numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 RWS = SWS = 7 Sender sends 0, 1, …, 6 Receiver receives 0, 1, …,6 Receiver acknowledges 0, 1, …, 6 ACK (0, 1, …, 6) are lost Sender retransmits 0, 1, …, 6 Receiver is expecting 7, 0, …., 5

28. Maximum Sequence Number MaxSeqNum Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 28 To avoid this, If RWS = SWS SWS < (MaxSeqNum + 1)/2 Note that this rule is specific to the situation where RWS=SWS. We might see a more general rule for arbitrary values of RWS and SWS in assignment Also, at this moment, we assume frames are not re- ordered in transit, which is ony correct for direct point to point. For different environment, we need another rule (e.g., in TCP).

29. Sliding Window Protocol: Summary Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 29 Sender maintains three variables – Sending Window Size (SWS) – Last Acknowledgement Received (LAR) – Last Frame Sent (LFS) Sender also maintains the following invariant LFS – LAR ≤ SWS When ACK arrives – Move LAR to right, transmit another frame Retransmit frame if time expires (time out)

30. Sliding-Window Protocol: Summary Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 30 Receiver maintains three variables – Receiving Window Size (RWS) – Largest Acceptable Frame (LAF) – Last Frame Received (LFR) Receiver also maintains the following invariant LAF – LFR ≤ RWS When a frame with sequence number SeqNum arrives, only accept it if If LFR < SeqNum ≤ LAF ACK? SeqNumToAck : The largest sequence number not yet acknowledged, such that all frames with sequence number less than or equal to SeqNumToAck have been received – The receiver then sets LFR = SeqNumToAck and adjusts LAF = LFR + RWS

31. Sliding-Window Protocol: Example 1 Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 31 Considering the case that SWS=RWS=3. Timeout interval is about 2RTT. Draw a timeline diagram of the following Frame 4 is lost Frames 4-6 are lost

32. Sliding-Window Protocol: Issues Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 32 When timeout occurs, the amount of data in transit decreases – Since the sender is unable to advance its window When the packet loss occurs, this scheme is no longer keeping the pipe full – The longer it takes to notice that a packet loss has occurred, the more severe the problem becomes How to improve this – Negative Acknowledgement (NAK) – Additional Acknowledgement – Selective Acknowledgement

33. Sliding-Window Protocol: Issues Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 33 Negative Acknowledgement (NAK) – Receiver sends NAK for frame 6 as soon as frame 7 arrive (in the previous example) Additional Acknowledgement – Receiver sends additional ACK for frame 5 when frame 7 arrives Sender uses duplicate ACK as a clue for frame loss Selective Acknowledgement – Receiver will acknowledge exactly those frames it has received, rather than the highest number frames Receiver will acknowledge frames 7 and 8 Sender knows frame 6 is lost Sender can keep the pipe full, but…..??

34. Sliding-Window Protocol: Example 2 Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 34 In the following example, we will see the efficiency of using NAK or additional ACK Considering the case that SWS=RWS=4 and frame 2 is lost. Timeout interval is about 2RTT. First, draw a timeline diagram with re- transmission taking place upon time out as usual Now, assume NAK[2]/DUPACK[2] is sent after frame 3 is received. Re-transmission now take paces either upon time out or upon receipt of NAK[2]/DUPACK[2]

35. Sliding-Window: Comment Settings Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 35 In practice, how to select SWS? Depending on a quite number of factors!! Now for RWS: RWS=1: Go-back-N protocol Should we set RWS>SWS? RWS=SWS with Selective ACK: Selective Repeat

36. Go-Back-N Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 36 It is Sliding Window Protocol with RWS=1: Receiver will not buffer any frames that arrive out of order Demo: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_kurose_network_4/applets/go- back-n/index.html

37. Selective Repeat Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 37 Window size can be very large for nets with large delay x bandwidth Inefficient to retransmit all N frames if one is lost Selective repeat allows the re-transmission of only the lost packets Accepts out-of-order packets Simply increase the RWS up to SWS (does not make sense to allow for RWS > SWS)

38. Example with Selective Repeat Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 38 Demo: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_kurose_network_4/applets/SR/index.html

39. Sliding-Window Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 39 Perhaps the best known algorithm in computer networking Serves three different roles Reliable Preserve the order: The receiver makes sure that it does not pass a frame up to the next higher-level protocol until it has already passed up all frames with a smaller sequence number Frame control: Receiver is able to throttle sender- Keeps sender from overrunning receiver from transmitting more data than the receiver is able to process

40. Sliding-Window Protocol Dr. Nghi Tran (ECE-University of Akron) ECE 4450:427/527Computer Networks 40 Perhaps the best known algorithm in computer networking It can be used to serve different roles in different layers: Reliable delivery at Link Layer TCP: Also reliable deliver Up to now, we already learned quite a few techniques/protocols considered in Transport Layer