1. Inventory of greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions in Slovenia
Jože VERBIČ
Agricultural institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana

2. Methodology used for estimating emissions
GHG: IPCC Greenhouse Inventory Reference Manual 1997
NH3: EMEP/CORINAIR 2002
Menzi et al. 1997
(Ammoniak-Emissionen in der Schweiz)

3. Structure of GHG emissions in agriculture

4. Structure of methane emissions

5. Structure of nitrous oxide emissions
If indirect emissions and emissions due to fertilization with animal manures are attributed to animal production, cattle contribute 60 % of N2O.

6. Structure of ammonia emissions

7. Detailed method (Tier 2)
Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – dairy cattle
Detailed method (Tier 2)
Herd of dairy cattle disaggregated into 18 subclasses (from less than 1000 kg of milk to over than 9000 kg of milk yield per year)
Theoretical diets were calculated by taking into account animal requirements and quality of local feeds for each individual subclass
Methane emissions were calculated on the basis of gross energy intake – methane conversion rate 0.07 for milk yields up to 3000 kg per year and 0.06 for higher yields
Total dairy cattle population was distributed to individual subclasses on the basis of data from official milk recording (Cattle Breeding Service) – extrapolated to data published by Statistical Office

8. Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – dairy cattle
Based on data from period an equation was developed that enables the estimate on the basis of average milk production.
Used for suckler cows

9. Detailed method (Tier 2)
Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – non-dairy cattle
Detailed method (Tier 2)
Gross energy intake estimated on the basis of animal requirements.
Data on total live-weight gain (Statistical Office) distributed to classes of growing cattle (fixed values for heifers).

10. Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – emission factors*
Category of population
EF (CH4)
(enteric fermentation)
Sub-category
kg/head*year
Cattle total
Young cattle (under 1 year) 30
Young cattle (1-2 years)
Breeding heifers
65.5
Heifers for fattening
66.6
Fatening bulls and steers
Cattle over 2 years
75.1
Bulls for breeding
59.1
Dairy cows
93.4
Other cows
80.4
* Factors depend on production and are therefore not fixed

11. Methane emission from manure management - cattle
Methane producing capacity (B0)
Cows
0,24 m3/kg VS
Other cattle
0,17 m3/kg VS
Detailed method (Tier 2)
Estimates based on volatile solids excretion which is calculated using the same approach as for enteric fermentation.
Methane conversion factor has been calculated on the basis of partial methane conversion fractions for cool climate and proportions of individual manure storage types.

12. Manure management * census data corrected with regard to the
lenght of grazing season
** estimates on the basis of census data on
farm structure

13. Methane emission from manure management in cattle production – emission factors*
11.5
Other cows
12.7
Dairy cows
7.6
Bulls for breeding
6.3
Fatening bulls and steers
Heifers for fattening
8.8
Breeding heifers
Cattle over 2 years
7.7
Young cattle (1-2 years)
3.8
Young cattle (under 1 year)
Cattle total
kg/head*year
Sub-category
EF (CH4)
(manure managem.)
Category of population
* Factors depend on production and are therefore not fixed

14. Methane emissions from pig production- enteric fermentation
MARKET ORIENTED FAMILY FARMS
47 %
SMAL SCALE FARM PRODUCTION
22 %
LARGE PIG FARMS
31 %
1.5 kg of methane per year
1.5 kg of methane per year
2.33 kg of methane per year
Average factor 1.67 kg CH4/pig

15. Methane emissions from pig production - manure management
MARKET ORIENTED FAMILY FARMS
47 %
SMAL SCALE FARM PRODUCTION
22 %
LARGE PIG FARMS
31 %
0.5 kg VS/d
0.775 kg VS/d
0.5 kg VS/d
solid %
liquid %
solid %
liquid %
anaer. dig %
lagoon %
solid %
liquid %
1.24 kg CH4/pig
5.25 kg CH4/pig
9.00 kg CH4/pig
Average factor 5.74 kg CH4/pig

16. Methane emission in sheep, goats, horses and poultry
Default factors suggested by IPCC (1997) have been considered.

17. Nitrous oxide emissions in animal production
DATA ON ANIMAL POPULATION
(Statistical Office)
ESTIMATES ON N EXCRETION
(IPCC, 1997)
N EXCRETED IN HOUSING SYSTEMS
N EXCRETED IN GRAZING SYSTEMS
NH3 and NOX emissions
Specific factors:
Lagoons kg N2O/kg N excr.
Liquid kg N2O/kg N excr.
Solid kg N2O/kg N excr.
N in animal manure
Indirect
emissions N
leaching
Emissions from soils
NO2 emisions

18. Nitrogen excretion in cattle
(for N2O emisions)
Dairy cows
100 kg/ year
Other cows*
Other cattle
70 kg/ year
* To keep continuity from basis year

19. Nitrogen excretion in cattle
(for N2O emissions)
(for NH3 emissions)
Dairy cows
100 kg/ year
105.5* kg/ year
Other cows
70 kg/ year
Other cattle
35 kg/ year
* Related to milk production

20. Ammonia emissions - mass flow
EXCRETED N
Emission from animal housing
N IN SLURRY AND MANURE STORES
Emission from storage
N IN ANIMAL MANURES
Emission from spreading
N IN SOIL

21. Example: Dairy cow- traditional tied system with beding
N excretion
105.5 kg
Manure with
Urine
bedding
43%
57%
EF housing* 7%
EF storage**
opened
30%
15%
covered 3%
1.5%
EF spreading***
basic factor
60%
50%
reduced factor
36%
Example: Dairy cow- traditional tied system with beding
* From excreted
** From soluble ex housing
*** From soluble ex storage
Total: 31 % of excreted N

22. Emissions of NH3-N (kg/year) in cattle production
Dairy cattle
Other cows
Other cattle
Grazing
5.3
3.9
1.8
Tied system
32.8
24.1
10.9
Slurry 40
29.5
13.3
Total herd
33.1
24.4
11.0

23. Reduction of GHG emissions from 1986 to 2000 (1986 = 1.00)
Index
Total emissions
Index
Nitrous oxide
0,84
Manure management
0,65
Cattle
0,60
Pigs
0,85
Poultry
0,36
Sheep, goats, horses
2,46
Direct emissions from agricultural soil
0,89
Mineral fertilizers
1,14
Animal fertilizers
0,80
Symbiotic fixation
0,22
Grazing
1,58
Crop residues
Indirect emissions
0,93
NH3 and NOX
0,90
Leaching
0,94
Index
Methane
0,85
Enteric fermentation
0,92
Cattle
0,91
Pigs
Sheep, goats, horses
2,21
Manure management
0,62
1,11
0,42
Poultry
0,38
1,51

24. Reduction of ammonia emissions
From 1990 to 2002 ammonia emissions were reduced by 10 %.