1. Lecture #10 Chapter 23~ The Evolution of Populations

2. Population genetics Population: a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species Species: a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring Gene pool: the total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time Population genetics: the study of genetic changes in populations Modern synthesis/neo-Darwinism “Individuals are selected, but populations evolve.”

3. Hardy-Weinberg Theorem Serves as a model for the genetic structure of a nonevolving population (equilibrium) 5 conditions: 1- Very large population size; 2- No migration; 3- No net mutations; 4- Random mating; 5- No natural selection

4. Hardy-Weinberg Equation p=frequency of one allele (A); q=frequency of the other allele (a); p+q=1.0 (p=1-q & q=1-p) P2=frequency of AA genotype; 2pq=frequency of Aa plus aA genotype; q2=frequency of aa genotype; p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0

5. Microevolution, I A change in the gene pool of a population over a succession of generations 1- Genetic drift: changes in the gene pool of a small population due to chance (usually reduces genetic variability)

6. Microevolution, II Founder Effect: a cause of genetic drift attributable to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population (island populations) –Inherited diseases

7. Microevolution, III The Bottleneck Effect: type of genetic drift resulting from a reduction in population (natural disaster) such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population

8. Microevolution, IV 5- Natural Selection: differential success in reproduction; only form of microevolution that adapts a population to its environment

9. Microevolution, V 2- Gene Flow: genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations (reduces differences between populations)

10. Microevolution, VI 3- Mutations: a change in an organism’s DNA (gametes; many generations); original source of genetic variation (raw material for natural selection) –Can be reversible –Most not beneficial –It does not change populations, genetic drift and natural selection do

11. Microevolution, VII 4- Nonrandom mating (selective breeding): inbreeding and assortive mating (both shift frequencies of different genotypes)

12. Population variation Polymorphism: coexistence of 2 or more distinct forms of individuals (morphs) within the same population Geographical variation: differences in genetic structure between populations due to environment (cline)

13. Review Darwin’s observations/inferences Evidence of evolution Hardy-Weinberg requirements Hardy-Weinberg equations/problems Factors that cause evolution

14. Today Cause of variation Altering allelic frequencies Natural selection in depth Preservation of genetic variation - necessary

15. Homework Ch. 25 reading guide due tomorrow

16. Variation Mutation and Sexual Recombination HIV –10 10 new viruses/day –RNA – higher mutation rate –Mutations in every gene each day –Drug cocktails –Reinfections

18. 3 main causes of allelic changes Gene flow – random, may not be beneficial, reduces differences between populations Genetic Drift – random, may not be beneficial Natural selection – interacts with environment, creates organisms that better interact with their environment (adaptive evolution)

19. Let’s Focus on Natural selection Fitness: contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation –It is a little more complicated than that (less fit genes can hitchhike with a fit gene) Relative fitness: how an individual contributes to the next generation (sterile individuals have a relative fitness of 0

20. Modes of natural selection 3 types: A. Directional B. Diversifying C. Stabilizing

22. (DIVERSIFYING)

23. Stabilizing Selection

24. Sexual selection Creates Sexual dimorphism: secondary sex characteristic distinction Sexual selection: selection towards secondary sex characteristics that leads to sexual dimorphism Intrasexual – males competing (alpha male) Intersexual – females choosing

25. Variation preservation Prevention of natural selection’s reduction of variation Diploidy 2nd set of chromosomes hides variation in the heterozygote Balanced polymorphism 1- heterozygote advantage (hybrid vigor; i.e., malaria/sickle- cell anemia); 2- frequency dependent selection (survival & reproduction of any 1 morph declines if it becomes too common; i.e., parasite/host)

26. Population Genetics Lab