1. Chapter 23 Notes The Evolution of Populations

2. Concept 23.1 Darwin and Mendel were contemporaries of the 19 th century - at the time both were unappreciated for their work

3. Concept 23.1 The turning point for evolutionary theory was the development of population genetics - emphasizes genetic variation and recognizes the importance of quantitative characters

4. Concept 23.1 A population’s gene pool is defined by its allele frequencies Population: a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species Species: individuals that have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature

5. Concept 23.1 The total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time is called the population’s gene pool - all the alleles of a gene of all the individuals in a population

6. Concept 23.1 Example of allele frequency - population is 500 plants - 20 are white (rr) - 320 are red (RR), 160 are red (Rr) Allele frequency is.8 or 80% - 320 X 2 (for RR) = 640 + 160 (for Rr) ; 800/1000 =.8

7. Concept 23.1

8. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem describes a nonevolving population - the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population’s gene pool remain constant unless acted upon by outside factors - the shuffling of alleles has no effect on a population’s gene pool

9. Concept 23.1 This idea was independently discovered by both Hardy and Weinberg in 1908 Uses 2 equations simultaneously - P + Q = 1 - p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1

10. Concept 23.1

11. For the HW equation to work, 5 conditions must be met - large population size - no migration - no mutations - random mating - no natural selection

12. Concept 23.2 Mutations and sexual recombination generate genetic variation Only mutations that occur in gametes can be passed along to offspring A mutation that alters a protein is more likely to be harmful

13. Concept 23.2 Mutation: a change in a organism’s DNA - if mutation is in gametes, immediate change can be seen in the gene pool - if the new allele produced by a mutation increases in frequency, it is because the mutant alleles are producing a disproportionate number of offspring by NS or genetic drift

14. Concept 23.2 Unique recombinations of existing alleles in a gene pool are produced through meiosis - the effect of crossing over

15. Concept 23.3 Microevolution: the generation-to- generation change in a population’s frequencies of alleles The two main causes of microevolution are genetic drift and natural selection

16. Concept 23.3 Genetic drift: a change in a population’s allele frequencies due to chance - the smaller the sample size, the greater the chance of deviation for idealized results - ex. coin toss

17. Concept 23.3

18. Bottleneck effect: genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population such that the surviving population is not representative of the original population - generally caused by natural disaster

19. Concept 23.3

20. Founder effect: genetic drift in a new colony - a few individuals from a larger population colonize an isolated new habitat - ex. from mainland to island

21. Concept 23.4 Natural Selection: the differential success in reproduction - the alleles passed on to the next generation are disproportionate to the frequencies in the present generation - ex. Wildflower population

22. Concept 23.4 Gene flow: genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations - ex. Wildflower population in a windstorm

23. Concept 23.4 Genetic variation occurs within and between populations Both quantitative and discrete characters contribute to variation within a population - quantitative variation indicates polygenic inheritance and

24. Concept 23.4 - discrete characters can be classified on an either or basis Polymorphism: when two or more morphs (variations) are represented in high enough frequencies to be noticeable

25. Concept 23.4 Genetic variation can be measured at the level of whole genes (gene diversity) and at the molecular level of DNA (nucleotide diversity) Gene diversity: the average percent of loci that are heterozygous Nucleotide diversity: comparing the nucleotide sequence of DNA samples

26. Concept 23.4 Geographic variation: differences in gene pools between populations or subgroups. - NS can contribute to geographic variation

27. Concept 23.4

28. Diploidy and balanced polymorphism preserve variation Genetic variation can be hidden from being selected against by the use of heterozygotes Balanced polymorphism: the ability of natural selection to maintain stable frequencies of phenotypic forms

29. Concept 23.4 - ex. heterozygote advantage as seen in sickle-cell disease - ex. frequency-dependent selection: survival and production of any one morph declines if that phenotype becomes too common in a population

30. Concept 23.4

31. Populations can adapt to the environment in various ways Directional selection: shifts the frequency curve for variations in one direction by favoring individuals that deviate from the average character ex. size of black bears

32. Concept 23.4 Diversifying (disruptive) selection: environmental conditions favor individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range Stabilizing selection: acts against the extremes; favors the more common intermediate variants

33. Concept 23.4