1. GENE FREQUENCY VS. NATURAL SELECTION PRESENTED BY: TEAM GETTING BY CHRIS VICTORIA(303887) LEEANN PHAM (282117) PATRICK HANSEN(323893) JOZ-LYNN CASE(316524) THOMAS ROWLANDS (311253) HONEY(312270) May 23, 2014

2. GENE FREQUENCY VS. NATURAL SELECTION Measure of frequency for a specific allele Demonstrate genetic diversity of a species population and richness of gene Can be derived using the Hardy- Weinberg Equation: p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 p^2 is the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype 2pq is the frequency of the heterozygote q^2 is the homozygous recessive genotype A natural occurring process by which populations adapt and evolve over time Can be broken down into Variation, Inheritance, Selection, Time, and Adaptation Results in survival and reproductive success rate of individuals or groups depending of adaptations to environment As surviving species reproduce they produce similarly adapted descendants and filter out poorly suited individuals as the population evolves

3. Natural selection is the process where individuals who aren’t able to adapt to their environment end up being killed off by predators Those who don’t survive don’t, pass their genes to the following generations, reducing the amount of carriers of those specific genes As mutations are constantly occurring, gene frequencies of any population is ever changing THE RELATIONSHIP

4. METHOD: GENE FREQUENCY To more clearly see how genetic frequency works we used different colored beads in four different cases to see how the population of the beads would look under three different conditions for 6 generations each. The conditions were: Case 1: Removed 0% of homologous pairs in base case Case 2: Removed 33% of homologous pairs in the second case Case 3: Removed 100% of homologous pairs in the third case For case 4 we introduced a mutation which consisted of adding 100% the population with the mutated genes; as well as removing 100% the homologous pairs, and ad 50% of every heterozygous pair We then calculated their frequencies

5. METHOD: NATURAL SELECTION Used hole-punched paper to represent different species Used individuals from another group(predator) to pick off the hole-punched paper off the mat The dead were counted and the offspring with survivors were placed on the mat Predators developed new skills to prey on the species The sixth generation a natural disaster occurred

6. GENE FREQUENCY RESULTS: BASE CASE

7. GENE FREQUENCY RESULTS: CASE 2

8. GENE FREQUENCY RESULTS: CASE 3

9. GENE FREQUENCY RESULTS: CASE 4 (MUTATION)

10. NATURAL SELECTION RESULTS: GEN 1 (PINK CELL PHONE)

11. NATURAL SELECTION RESULTS: GEN 2 (PINK CELL PHONE)

12. NATURAL SELECTION RESULTS: GEN 3 (PINK CELL PHONE)

13. NATURAL SELECTION RESULTS: GEN 4 (HALLOWEEN) CHANGE OF ENVIROMENT

14. NATURAL SELECTION RESULTS: GEN 5 (HALLOWEEN) NATURAL DISSASTER OCCURS

15. From these graphs we can see that there tend to be a more abundance of those with Dominant genes. Those with homozygous genes tend to not fit into the ecosystem and are led to near or complete extinction, as demonstrated with the by the ww alleles who disappeared by gen 6. THE COMPARISON

16. LAB 10 CONCLUSION: GENE FREQUENCY We saw that there was a gradual extinction of the beads containing the White and White “genes”, while Red and White and Red and Red beads remain constant throughout all five generations, for the first 3 cases. When we introduced the mutation with a +100% frequency in favor of it, Black and Black, and 50% frequency in favor of Red and Black bead population, while the White and White “genes” faced a quick extinction. This experiment lead us to knowing how far each genotype can go and if we were to continue experimenting more generations we could have seen how much the population can grow.

17. LAB 11 CONCLUSION: NATURAL SELECTION Natural Selection is the process of survival of the fitness Species born with stronger traits survive These species adapt better to their environment, to predators, climate change, competition for food etc. These genes that aid in survival are passed down to the young Weak die out, strong prosper Process is known as evolution