PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 16: Variation and Population Genetics Section 16.2: How can population genetic information be used to predict evolution?

PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 16: Variation and Population Genetics Section 16.2: How can population genetic information be used to predict evolution? Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. Integrating Concepts in Biology by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, & Christopher Paradise

Biology Learning Objectives Explain how the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium works and how it relates to information in populations. Evaluate the application of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation to information and evolution. Understand how application of Hardy- Weinberg equation can be used to determine if a population is evolving. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. Section 16.2: How can population genetic information be used to predict evolution?

Figure 16.9 Observed genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations From Arcellana et al., 2011, Figure 2.

Figure 16.9 Observed genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations  More north to more south  From Arcellana et al., 2011, Figure 2.

Figure 16.9 Observed genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations Is there a latitudinal gradient? Do more northern populations have higher frequencies of certain genotypes? From Arcellana et al., 2011, Figure 2.

Figure 16.9 Observed genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations Using genotype frequencies to determine allele frequencies: Frequency of MM = 0.73 Frequency of MN = 0.12 Frequency of NN = 0.15 From Arcellana et al., 2011, Figure 2.

Figure 16.9 Observed genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations Using genotype frequencies to determine allele frequencies: The frequency of M allele (denoted p) is f MM + f MN /2 = 0.73 + 0.12/2 = 0.79. The frequency of N allele (denoted q) is f NN + f MN /2 = 0.15 + 0.12/2 = 0.21. From Arcellana et al., 2011, Figure 2.

Figures 16.9 and 10 The frequency of M allele (denoted p) is f MM + f MN /2 = 0.73 + 0.12/2 = 0.79. The frequency of N allele (denoted q) is f NN + f MN /2 = 0.15 + 0.12/2 = 0.21. Observed genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations From Arcellana et al., 2011, Figure 2 & 3.

Figure 16.10 Observed genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations From Arcellana et al., 2011, Figure 3.

Figure 16.10 Observed genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations  More north to more south  From Arcellana et al., 2011, Figure 3.

Figure 16.10 Observed genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations Is there a latitudinal gradient? Do more northern populations have higher frequencies of certain genotypes? From Arcellana et al., 2011, Figure 3.

Table 16.2 Possible combinations of mating pairs in a population where 3 genotypes exist at one genetic locus with two alleles Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Table 16.2 Possible combinations of mating pairs in a population where 3 genotypes exist at one genetic locus with two alleles All offspring of MM parents (MM x MM mating) result in MM offspring. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Table 16.2 Possible combinations of mating pairs in a population where 3 genotypes exist at one genetic locus with two alleles When a MM male mates with a MN female, for instance, 50% of their offspring are predicted to be MM and 50% are predicted to be MN. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Table 16.2 Possible combinations of mating pairs in a population where 3 genotypes exist at one genetic locus with two alleles When two heterozygotes mate they are predicted to produce offspring of all 3 genotypes in the percentages given above. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Table 16.3 Ways to get MM, MN, and NN offspring from matings of MM, MN, and NN parents To determine the probability of obtaining a target genotype, figure out all possible pairings that produce that genotype. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Table 16.3 Ways to get MM, MN, and NN offspring from matings of MM, MN, and NN parents To determine the probability of obtaining a target genotype, figure out all possible pairings that produce that genotype. Here, MM x MM matings will ONLY produce MM offspring (1 in column 3) Probability of two MM individuals mating is f MM x f MM Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Table 16.3 Ways to get MM, MN, and NN offspring from matings of MM, MN, and NN parents To determine the probability of obtaining a target genotype, figure out all possible pairings that produce that genotype. Here, MM x MM matings will ONLY produce MM offspring (1 in column 3) Probability of two MM individuals mating is f MM x f MM Probability of the mating (4) times probability that offspring will be target (3) is in column 5. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Table 16.3 Ways to get MM, MN, and NN offspring from matings of MM, MN, and NN parents MM x MN matings will produce MM offspring half the time (1/2 in column 3) Probability of a MM x MN mating is f MM x f MN Probability of the mating (4) times probability that offspring will be target (3) is in column 5. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Table 16.3 Ways to get MM, MN, and NN offspring from matings of MM, MN, and NN parents Similarly, MN x MM matings will produce MM offspring half the time (1/2 in column 3) Probability of a MN x MM mating is f MN x f MM Probability of the mating (4) times probability that offspring will be target (3) is in column 5. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Table 16.3 Ways to get MM, MN, and NN offspring from matings of MM, MN, and NN parents Finally, MN x MN matings will produce MM offspring 25% of the time (1/4 in column 3) Probability of a MN x MN mating is f MN x f MN Probability of the mating (4) times probability that offspring will be target (3) is in column 5. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Table 16.3 Ways to get MM, MN, and NN offspring from matings of MM, MN, and NN parents Add all cells in column 5 to get equation in column 6 Repeat process for MN and NN offspring: Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Table 16.3 Ways to get MM, MN, and NN offspring from matings of MM, MN, and NN parents Add all cells in column 5 to get equation in column 6 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Table 16.3 Ways to get MM, MN, and NN offspring from matings of MM, MN, and NN parents To determine the probability of obtaining a target genotype, figure out all possible pairings that produce that genotype. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

BME 16.2: How can you predict the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? To find the probability that a particular mating will produce the target offspring genotype, as shown in column 3, you multiply the probability that the mother and father each donate the necessary alleles. Use the multiplication rule and addition rule Table 16.3 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

BME 16.2: How can you predict the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? The multiplication rule: the probability of events A and B both occurring is the probability that A occurs multiplied by the probability that B occurs, provided that A and B are independent. Used to determine probability of each pairing in column 4 Used to determine probability that a mating will occur and that it will produce target offspring (column 4 x column 3 = column 5) Table 16.3 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

BME 16.2: How can you predict the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? The addition rule: the probability of event A or event B occurring is the probability that A occurs plus the probability that B occurs, provided that A and B are mutually exclusive. Used to determine total probability of a target offspring genotype. The matings that can produce the target genotype are mutually exclusive: probability of MM offspring = probability of MM from MM x MM or MM x MN or MN x MM or MN x MN. Table 16.3 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

BME 16.2: Hardy-Weinberg.xlsx Population moves quickly to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Population is NOT in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

BME 16.2: How can you predict the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? Using allele frequencies to calculate H-W equilibrium Allele frequencies should tell us a lot about the next generation’s genotype frequencies. Let the proportion of M alleles = p Let the proportion of N alleles = q, Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

BME 16.2: How can you predict the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? Using allele frequencies to calculate H-W equilibrium Allele frequencies should tell us a lot about the next generation’s genotype frequencies. Let the proportion of M alleles = p Let the proportion of N alleles = q, You might predict that any randomly selected offspring would be MM with probability p 2, MN with probability 2pq, and NN with probability q 2. Bio-Math Exploration Integrating Question 7.Recall the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype frequencies: p = f MM + f MN /2 and q = f NN + f MN /2. Use these formulas and algebraic manipulation to calculate p 2, 2pq, and q 2. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

BME 16.2: How can you predict the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? Using allele frequencies to calculate H-W equilibrium Bio-Math Exploration Integrating Question 7.Recall the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype frequencies: p = f MM + f MN /2 and q = f NN + f MN /2. Use these formulas and algebraic manipulation to calculate p 2, 2pq, and q 2. p 2 = f MM 2 + f MM x f MN + ¼ x f MN 2 (probability of MM in the offspring generation from Table 16.3) 2pq = f MM x f MN + 2 f MM x f NN + f MN 2 /2 + f MN x f NN, from Table 16.3 q 2 = ¼ x f MN 2 + f MN x f NN + f NN 2, also from Table 16.3 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

BME 16.2: How can you predict the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? Using allele frequencies to calculate H-W equilibrium Therefore, once you know the allele frequencies p and q in a population, the Hardy-Weinberg frequencies are very easy to calculate. p 2 = f MM 2 + f MM x f MN + ¼ x f MN 2 (probability of MM in the offspring generation from Table 16.3) 2pq = f MM x f MN + 2 f MM x f NN + f MN 2 /2 + f MN x f NN, from Table 16.3 q 2 = ¼ x f MN 2 + f MN x f NN + f NN 2, also from Table 16.3 Hardy-Weinberg frequencies are given by the terms in the expansion of (p + q) 2 = p 2 + 2pq + q 2. Verify this alternative way to calculate Hardy-Weinberg genotype frequencies in “hardy-weinberg.xlsx.” Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

BME 16.2: How can you predict the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 p + q = 1 Using allele frequencies to calculate H-W equilibrium Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

BME 16.2: How can you predict the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? Using allele frequencies to calculate H-W equilibrium Now you know how to predict long-run genotype frequencies, assuming random mating, a large population, no genetic drift, and no gene flow, and you know how to use these predictions to identify populations undergoing evolution. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Figure 16.11 Observed and HW genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations Observed genotype frequencies from Figure 16.9 and the predicted genotype frequencies are represented by two shades of the same color From Arcellana et al., 2011, Figure 2 and calculated from data in Figures 2 and 3.

Figure 16.11 Observed and HW genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations If bars of a similar color are different heights, the population is judged to NOT be in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium.

Figure 16.11 Observed and HW genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations The population is judged to NOT be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Isabela composed of high proportion of a particular ethnic group, with high localized migration from nearby towns. Towns had similar frequencies of M and N alleles. Isolation and inbreeding in small populations can lead to populations not in HW equilibrium.

Figure 16.11 Observed and HW genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations If bars of a similar color are the same or similar height, then the population is judged to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Figure 16.11 Observed and HW genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations judged to be in HW equilibrium.

Figure 16.11 Observed and HW genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations judged to NOT be in HW equilibrium.

Figure 16.11 Observed and HW genotype frequencies of the MN genetic locus in Philippine populations  NO north to south trend 

PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 16: Variation and Population Genetics Section 16.2: How can population genetic information be used to predict evolution?

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PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 16: Variation and Population Genetics Section 16.2: How can population genetic information be used to predict evolution?

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