1. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 1 Geology 4th edition by Chernicoff & Whitney Chapter 20 Human Use of the Earth’s Resources Chapter 20 Human Use of the Earth’s Resources

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 2 Energy and Mineral Resources Figure 20-2

3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 3 Reserves and Resources Reserves - Natural resources that have been discovered and can be extracted for a profit with existing technology and under prevailing economic conditions Resources - Deposits that we know or believe to exist, but that are not exploitable today, whether for technological, economic, or political reasons

4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 4 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Renewable resources - Natural resources that are replenished over relatively short time spans (e.g., trees) or are available continuously (e.g., sunlight) Nonrenewable resources - Natural resources that form so slowly that they are typically consumed more quickly than nature can replenish them (e.g., oil)

5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 5 Energy Resources Fossil fuels Figure 20-4 Petroleum (hydrocarbons)  Oil  Natural gas Coal

6. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 6 Petroleum Formation 0°C 100°C Organics (Forams, etc.) Kerogen Tar, Paraffin, Wax Crude Oil Natural Gas Smaller, simpler compounds

7. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 7 Petroleum Formation Figure 20-5

8. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 8 Petroleum Oil shales and tar sands Figures 20-6 and 20-7

9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 Petroleum Gas hydrates Highlight 20-1

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 10 Petroleum North American deposits Figure 20-6

11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 11 Coal Lignite Bituminous Coal Anthracite Peat Increasing Temperature and Pressure Increase Carbon Content: Cleaner Burning Figure 20-8

12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 12 Coal Formation Terrestrial plant remains Solar energy trapped by photosynthesis Figure 6-27

13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 13 Coal North American deposits Figure 20-8

14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14 Fossil Fuels and the Environment Figure 20-10 Acid rain Global warming Marine oil spills

15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 15 Fossil Fuels and the Environment Formation of acid rain Figure 20-9

16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 16 Fossil Fuels and the Environment Acid rain Global warming Marine oil spills Figure 20-11

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 Fossil Fuels and the Environment Figure 20-12 Acid rain Global warming Marine oil spills

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 18 Energy Resources Alternative energy resources - Renewable Figure 20-13 Geothermal Hydroelectric Tidal Solar Wind Biomass Nuclear  Fission  Fusion

19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 19 Energy Resources Alternative energy resources - Renewable Figure 20-14 Geothermal Hydroelectric Tidal Solar Wind Biomass Nuclear  Fission  Fusion

20. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 20 Energy Resources Alternative energy resources - Renewable McNary Dam (Washington/Oregon)  R. Viens Geothermal Hydroelectric Tidal Solar Wind Biomass Nuclear  Fission  Fusion

21. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 21 Energy Resources Alternative energy resources - Renewable Geothermal Hydroelectric Tidal Solar Wind Biomass Nuclear  Fission  Fusion Figure 20-16

22. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 22 Energy Resources Alternative energy resources - Renewable Geothermal Hydroelectric Tidal Solar Wind Biomass Nuclear  Fission  Fusion Figure 20-17

23. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 23 Energy Resources Alternative energy resources - Renewable Geothermal Hydroelectric Tidal Solar Wind Biomass Nuclear  Fission  Fusion Figure 20-17

24. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 24 Energy Resources Alternative energy resources - Renewable Geothermal Hydroelectric Tidal Solar Wind Biomass Nuclear  Fission  Fusion Figure 20-19

25. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 25 Energy Resources Alternative energy resources - Renewable Geothermal Hydroelectric Tidal Solar Wind Biomass Nuclear  Fission  Fusion Figure 20-19

26. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 26 Energy Resources Alternative energy resources - Renewable Figure 14-12 Geothermal Hydroelectric Tidal Solar Wind Biomass Nuclear  Fission  Fusion

27. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 27 Energy Resources Alternative energy resources - Nonrenewable Figure 20-20 Geothermal Hydroelectric Tidal Solar Wind Biomass Nuclear  Fission  Fusion

28. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 28 Energy Resources Dealing with nuclear waste Figure 20-21

29. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 29 Energy Resources Alternative energy resources - Nonrenewable Geothermal Hydroelectric Tidal Solar Wind Biomass Nuclear  Fission  Fusion (NASA)

30. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 30 Mineral Resources Metallic resources - e.g., gold, silver, platinum; and oxides and sulfides of iron, copper, and aluminum Nonmetallic resources - e.g., sand and gravel, limestone, and gemstones

31. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 31 Metals Processes that concentrate metals Figure 20-22 Hydrothermal deposits Porphyry copper deposits Massive sulfide deposits Gravity settling deposits Placer deposits Banded iron formations Secondary enrichment deposits

32. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 32 Metals Processes that concentrate metals Hydrothermal deposits Porphyry copper deposits Massive sulfide deposits Gravity settling deposits Placer deposits Banded iron formations Secondary enrichment deposits Figure 20-23

33. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 33 Metals Processes that concentrate metals Figure 20-23 Hydrothermal deposits Porphyry copper deposits Massive sulfide deposits Gravity settling deposits Placer deposits Banded iron formations Secondary enrichment deposits

34. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 34 Metals Processes that concentrate metals Figure 20-24 Hydrothermal deposits Porphyry copper deposits Massive sulfide deposits Gravity settling deposits Placer deposits Banded iron formations Secondary enrichment deposits

35. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 35 Metals Processes that concentrate metals Hydrothermal deposits Porphyry copper deposits Massive sulfide deposits Gravity settling deposits Placer deposits Banded iron formations Secondary enrichment deposits Figure 20-25

36. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 36 Metals Processes that concentrate metals Hydrothermal deposits Porphyry copper deposits Massive sulfide deposits Gravity settling deposits Placer deposits Banded iron formations Secondary enrichment deposits Figure 20-26

37. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 37 Metals Processes that concentrate metals Figure 20-27 Hydrothermal deposits Porphyry copper deposits Massive sulfide deposits Gravity settling deposits Placer deposits Banded iron formations Secondary enrichment deposits

38. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 38 Metals Processes that concentrate metals Hydrothermal deposits Porphyry copper deposits Massive sulfide deposits Gravity settling deposits Placer deposits Banded iron formations Secondary enrichment deposits Figure 20-27

39. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 39 Metals Metals and plate boundaries Figure 20-28

40. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 40 Mining and the Environment Figure 20-30 Impacts Reclamation

41. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 41 Nonmetals Building materials, agriculture, & industry Figure 20-31 Sand & gravel Limestone Gypsum Clay minerals “Quarried rock” Apatite Sylvite Sulfur Quartz sand Asbestos

42. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 42 Meeting Future Energy Needs Hydrogen fuel cells Highlight 20-2

43. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 43 Meeting Future Mineral Needs Seafloor mining Figure 20-33

44. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 44 Meeting Future Mineral Needs Revisiting mine tailings Figure 20-34