1. Civil Rights Movement Early movements of the 1950s and 1960s

2. Drill If you were a civil rights leader which of the following would be your top priority? Why? a. End segregation b. Gain economic equality c. Stop lynching (violence)

3. Drill: Who is Rosa Parks? And what is her role in the Civil Rights Movement? Who is Rosa Parks? And what is her role in the Civil Rights Movement?

5. Rosa Parks Arrest 1955 Dec. 1 in Montgomery, AL Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger Dec. 1 in Montgomery, AL Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger ED Nixon former head of the NAACP organized a boycott to challenge the bus system ED Nixon former head of the NAACP organized a boycott to challenge the bus system Leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association and chose Martin Luther King Jr. to lead Leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association and chose Martin Luther King Jr. to lead

7. Montgomery Bus Boycott Majority of the bus passengers were African American Majority of the bus passengers were African American Set up car pools to get to work Set up car pools to get to work Whites reacted with violence and bombed the homes of King and Nixon Whites reacted with violence and bombed the homes of King and Nixon In November 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that Montgomery’s segregated system was unconstitutional In November 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that Montgomery’s segregated system was unconstitutional

10. Little Rock Nine (1957) South was slow to uphold the Brown decision South was slow to uphold the Brown decision Little Rock Central High was chosen to be integrated first Little Rock Central High was chosen to be integrated first Reaction: Reaction: –Gov. Orval Faubus ordered the National Guard to stop integration. –Court ordered the governor to open the school –White mobs shouted obscenities and death threats and forced the nine to leave

12. Eisenhower Forces Integration Eisenhower ordered Federal Troops to protect the nine students on their way to school. Eisenhower ordered Federal Troops to protect the nine students on their way to school. In reaction to the events Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 In reaction to the events Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 –Gave the attorney general more power to integrate schools

13. Describe the civil rights events of the early 1960s Key Terms Sit ins Sit ins SNCC SNCC Freedom Rides Freedom Rides CORE CORE James Meredith James Meredith Birmingham Birmingham March on Washington DC March on Washington DC Civil Rights Act of 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Selma Selma Voting Rights Act Voting Rights Act 24 th Amendment 24 th Amendment Opening Activity: Turn to a blank page in your notebook. Turn to a blank page in your notebook. HW: Albany 1961 HW: Albany 1961

14. EventLeaderGroupSuppor ters Philoso phy MediaResult BrownT. Marshall NAACPUse the courts Supreme Court- integrates schools Little Rock 9 Showed the angry white mobs Eisenhower send troops to force integration of schools Mont. Bus Boycott MLKMIA42,000Nonviole nt Showed the bombing of King’s home and his arrest Supreme Court rules integration of Mont. Buses

15. Nonviolent Protest Inspired by the Montgomery Bus Boycott, other forms of nonviolent protests followed. Civil Disobedience was the idea that one should break an unjust law until it is changed

17. Sit-ins February 1, 1960, in Greensboro, NC, 4 students sit at a whites only lunch counter, and were not served February 1, 1960, in Greensboro, NC, 4 students sit at a whites only lunch counter, and were not served Next day they came back with 25 more students. Next day they came back with 25 more students. Student protestors filled Woolworth lunch counters throughout the city Student protestors filled Woolworth lunch counters throughout the city By August, the lunch counters were desegregated. By August, the lunch counters were desegregated.

19. TV showed the nasty reaction by whites TV showed the nasty reaction by whites Many were arrested, beaten, suspended from college. Many were arrested, beaten, suspended from college. By late 1960, 30 cities in 7 states in the South participated in their own sitins By late 1960, 30 cities in 7 states in the South participated in their own sitins In April, college students met to form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) In April, college students met to form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Sit-ins led to similar protests “wade ins” at pools and “study ins” a libraries Sit-ins led to similar protests “wade ins” at pools and “study ins” a libraries

21. Freedom Rides 1960, Supreme Court desegregates bus stations in interstate travel 1960, Supreme Court desegregates bus stations in interstate travel Southern states resist Southern states resist 1961, a group of 13 students organized the freedom rides to test the court’s decision. 1961, a group of 13 students organized the freedom rides to test the court’s decision. It was sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality, a group dedicated to gaining equality using civil disobedience It was sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality, a group dedicated to gaining equality using civil disobedience Whites used black facilities, blacks used white facilities. Whites used black facilities, blacks used white facilities.

22. Explain the significance of the early Civil Rights protests Key Terms: Birmingham 1963 (Children’s March) Birmingham 1963 (Children’s March) March on Washington DC March on Washington DC Civil Rights Act of 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Selma Selma Voting Rights Act of 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965 24 th Amendment 24 th Amendment Opening Activity What were some of the reasons that the Albany protest failed in 1961? What were some of the reasons that the Albany protest failed in 1961?

25. Trouble on the Freedom Ride Alabama May 4, 1961, whites carrying chains, brass knuckles, and pistols- they beat the protesters Alabama May 4, 1961, whites carrying chains, brass knuckles, and pistols- they beat the protesters Anniston, AL, angry white mob bombed a bus Anniston, AL, angry white mob bombed a bus Violence persisted as the riders travelled through Alabama, media coverage continued. Violence persisted as the riders travelled through Alabama, media coverage continued. Appalled, President Kennedy arranged to send 400 US marshals to protect riders Appalled, President Kennedy arranged to send 400 US marshals to protect riders In Mississippi, all the freedom riders were arrested and spent 60 days in jail. In Mississippi, all the freedom riders were arrested and spent 60 days in jail. Attorney General R. Kennedy moved to ban segregation in all interstate travel facilities Attorney General R. Kennedy moved to ban segregation in all interstate travel facilities

27. Integration Ole Miss Sept 1962, James Meredith won a fed. Court case allowing him to attend the all white U of Miss. Sept 1962, James Meredith won a fed. Court case allowing him to attend the all white U of Miss. Gov. of Miss, Ross Barnet refused to let him register Gov. of Miss, Ross Barnet refused to let him register Kennedy ordered federal marshals to escort Meredith and he was able to register on 5 th try Kennedy ordered federal marshals to escort Meredith and he was able to register on 5 th try Riots broke out, it took over 16,000 troops to stop it Riots broke out, it took over 16,000 troops to stop it

29. Birmingham Demonstrations 1963 “The most segregated city in America”-MLK Jr. “The most segregated city in America”-MLK Jr. Demands- non-discriminatory hiring, hiring of African-American policemen Demands- non-discriminatory hiring, hiring of African-American policemen King led a series of marches. One leading to his arrest- In jail he wrote the now famous letter explaining why he would continue to march. King led a series of marches. One leading to his arrest- In jail he wrote the now famous letter explaining why he would continue to march. "I am convinced that if your white brothers dismiss us as `rabble rousers' and 'outside agitators'--those of us who are working through the channels of nonviolent direct action--and refuse to support our nonviolent efforts, millions of Negroes, out of frustration and despair, will seek solace and security in black nationalist ideologies, a development that will lead inevitably to a frightening racial nightmare." "I am convinced that if your white brothers dismiss us as `rabble rousers' and 'outside agitators'--those of us who are working through the channels of nonviolent direct action--and refuse to support our nonviolent efforts, millions of Negroes, out of frustration and despair, will seek solace and security in black nationalist ideologies, a development that will lead inevitably to a frightening racial nightmare."

30. Birmingham cont. It seemed as though the protest might fail It seemed as though the protest might fail In May, King organized a 1000 youths to demonstrate In May, King organized a 1000 youths to demonstrate Police chief “Bull” Connor reacted with fire hoses, attack dogs, cow prodders Police chief “Bull” Connor reacted with fire hoses, attack dogs, cow prodders The media coverage of the event led President Kennedy to speak out The media coverage of the event led President Kennedy to speak out Under pressure the city commission agreed to ban segregation in 90 days Under pressure the city commission agreed to ban segregation in 90 days

33. March on Washington DC 1963 Goal promote economic equality and get civil rights legislation (laws) passed Goal promote economic equality and get civil rights legislation (laws) passed 250,000 people attended 250,000 people attended King delivered his “I have a dream” speech. King delivered his “I have a dream” speech. Influence Johnson to support and Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Influence Johnson to support and Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. –Banned discrimination in public places –Established Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to end employment discrimination based on race, creed, or gender

35. Selma Early 1965, King helped in a voter registration drive in Selma, AL. Early 1965, King helped in a voter registration drive in Selma, AL. Voter registration 99% white, 1% black- more blacks lived in city than whites Voter registration 99% white, 1% black- more blacks lived in city than whites Nearly, 2000 blacks participated, but none passed the “literacy tests.” Nearly, 2000 blacks participated, but none passed the “literacy tests.” In a near by town an African American was killed inspiring King to lead a march from Selma to Montgomery. In a near by town an African American was killed inspiring King to lead a march from Selma to Montgomery.

37. Selma Continued March 7,1965, the march started. As the protestors crossed a bridge over the AL River police attacked with tear gas and night sticks. March 7,1965, the march started. As the protestors crossed a bridge over the AL River police attacked with tear gas and night sticks. The march resumed weeks later with federal protection. The march resumed weeks later with federal protection. Soon after the march ended a civil rights activist was killed by KKK members. Soon after the march ended a civil rights activist was killed by KKK members.

38. The news of her murder helped Johnson pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which outlawed literacy tests and that same year the 24 th Amendment was ratified ending the poll tax.